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Islam
World History
SOL WHI.8a,b,c,d
Essential Questions
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Where did the Islamic religion originate?
Where did the Islamic religion spread?
What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs
of Islam?
How did geography influence the rapid
expansion of area under Muslim control?
What were some contributions of Islamic
civilization?
Essential Questions
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How did political and cultural geography
facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early
Islamic lands?
 What were some major historical turning
points that marked the spread and influence
of Islamic civilization?
 How did Islamic civilization preserve and
extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian
learning?
Origins of Islam
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The Arabian Peninsula had few cities,
– Mecca & Medina were the only cities
and most people were nomadic herders
 Desert land & mountains
 who raised goats and sheep.
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– Organized in tribes and often fought in
blood feuds.
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There was little art or architecture.
Origins of Islam
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Islam was founded by the prophet
Muhammad, born in 570 C.E.(A.D.)
– started preaching when he was 40 years
old.
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Muhammad lived in Mecca, a city on
the Arabian Peninsula.
– He was a member of a Bedouin tribe and
married a wealthy merchant woman
(Khadiya)
Origins of Islam
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When Muhammad started preaching
– Other tribes in Mecca were afraid of his growing
power and threatened to kill him.
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Muhammad and his family moved to
Medina.
– United the tribes in Medina and converted
most people to Islam.
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When he returned to Mecca he was
accepted as the leader Islamic faith
– Kaaba was rededicated as a sacred place of
worship.
Footsteps of the Prophet
Muhammad
Identify the path of Prophet Muhammad
from his birthplace to Medina & back to
Mecca.
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Place the 4 steps into the right path
Origins of Islam
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After Muhammad’s death
– Bedouin tribes united
– swept out of the Arabian Peninsula
– Conquered the Persian Empire and
parts of the Byzantine Empire.
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In less than 100 years they controlled
all of North Africa, the Middle East,
and parts of Spain.
Beliefs of Islam=Monotheistic
Religion
– Leader: Muhammad was greatest prophet of
God
Beliefs of Islam=Monotheistic
Religion
–Worship: Muslims worship in
buildings called mosques.
Domes Influenced
by Roman &
Byzantine
architecture
Beliefs of Islam=Monotheistic
Religion
–Holy Book: Qu’ran (Koran)
teaching of Muhammad
–God is called (Allah)
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The Kaaba, “The Cube”
Located in the Mecca
Holiest site in the religion of Islam.
Once a year Muslims make a pilgrimage (journey) to the Kaaba
known as the Hajj.
Beliefs of Islam
The five pillars or central teachings of
Islam are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A statement of faith (There is one God, Allah is
his name, and Muhammad is his prophet)
Prayer (five times a day in the direction of Mecca)
Charity
Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime
(called the Hajj)
Fasting (during the month of Ramadan)
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the third holiest site in
the religion of Islam.
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Is a shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of
Jerusalem
It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph
Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna
The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the
Byzantine Chapel of St Mary
The Dome of the Rock is now one of the oldest works of Islamic
Map showing the spread of Islam from the Arabian
Peninsula. Notice the Battle of Tours in France.
Another map showing spread of Islam. Notice the
Byzantine Empire in modern day Turkey. Although
Muslim armies took their North African possessions
they managed to fight the Muslims off in Turkey.
Southeast
Asia
Spread of Islam into Central Asia and Southeast Asia.
Islam was spread into Southeast Asia by traders and
wandering mystics known as sufis.
Spread of Islam
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Along trade routes from Mecca and
Medina.
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Conquering armies spread Islam when
Muhammad died.
– Conquered the Persian Empire and Byzantine
Empire
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Islam spread despite long distances,
deserts, mountains, and even oceans.
Spread of Islam
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When Muslim armies first conquered areas
outside of the Arabian Peninsula they made
no effort to convert people. In fact, they didn’t
want to convert people because true
believers split the loot taken in battle.
 They allowed other religions such as Judaism
and Christianity to peacefully coexist as long
as they paid a higher tax.
 Many people converted of their own free will.
Spread of Islam
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Muslim armies did take slaves but slavery in
the Muslim world was not based on race.
Usually, only wealthy families owned slaves.
 The Arabic language became a unifying
factor
 The political unity of the Muslim world lasted
a short time. Sections of North Africa and
Spain broke off into separate caliphates.
Important Events
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632 - Muhammad dies and his close friend Abu
Bakr is appointed Caliph.
634 - Muslim armies take Damascus.
Damascus becomes the capital 750 AD.
638 - Muslim armies take Jerusalem.
661 the Muslims splint into two groups Sunni and
Shia branches after the death of al-Muhammad.
Important Events
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732 - Muslim armies are defeated at the
Battle of Tours in France. Christian Europe is
saved.
 750 - Umayyad Dynasty replaced by Abbasid
Dynasty. Capital moved to Baghdad and the
golden age of Islam begins.
 1258 - Baghdad is looted and sacked by the
Mongols.
Contributions of Islam
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Architecture - Muslim architects adapted
the domes and arches of Byzantine
buildings to new uses. They converted
Byzantine churches to mosques and built
with domed roofs.
 Mosaics - The Quran forbids depictions of
Muhammad or Allah. Muslim artists
decorated mosques with intricate colored
tiles known as mosaics.
Mosaic on a mosque
Mosaic on a
mosque
Contributions of Islam
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Arabic alphabet - The Arabic alphabet
is used to write Arabic, Persian, and
Urdu.
– Used and Spread throughout Islamic
Empire byTrading
– Style of writing:Calligraphy
Contributions of Islam
Universities –Large cities: Baghdadand
Timbuktu had universities with large
libraries..
 Scholars in these libraries also translated
ancient Greek and Roman texts into
Arabic.
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Contributions of Islam
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Arabic numerals (adapted from India,
including zero)
– Numbers we use today
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Algebra 2x+4=7
 Medicine - Doctors and pharmacists had to
pass a government test before they could
practice. Public hospitals and baths were
common.
 Expansion of geographic knowledge (new
and revised maps)