Download WH Chapter 8 Sec 1

Chapter 8
The Muslim Empires
Section 1
The Ottoman Empire
Rise of the Ottoman Turks
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The Ottoman dynasty began in the late
13th century when Turks under leader
Osman were given land in the NW corner
of the Anatolian Peninsula by the Seljuk
Turks in return for help fighting the
Mongols.
Osman
Rise of the Ottoman Turks
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Ottomans expanded westward to control
Bosporus and the Dardanelles.
These two straits, separated by the Sea of
Marmara, connect the Black Sea and the
Aegean Sea.
Rise of the Ottoman Turks
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Expanded into the Balkans in the 14th
century.
Leaders became known as sultan and built
a strong military.
1st developed an elite guard called
janissaries, local Christians who converted
to Islam and served as foot soldiers or
administrators.
Rise of the Ottoman Turks
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With the use of new technology, firearms,
Ottoman control spread.
Around 1400 they advanced north.
Defeated the Serbs and annexed Bulgaria.
Expansion of the Empire
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Over the next 300 years, Ottoman rule
expanded into Western Asia, North Africa,
and Europe.
Fall of Constantinople
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Under Mehmet II, the
Ottomans began to
end the Byzantine
Empire.
Mehmet laid siege to
Constantinople in
1453.
Constantinople
Fall of Constantinople
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After 2 months, the Ottomans breached
the walls and sacked the city for 3 days.
Constantinople (later named Istanbul)
dominated the Balkans and the Anatolian
Peninsula.
Sultan Selim I
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1514-1517 – took
control of
Mesopotamia, Egypt,
and Arabia, including
Muslim holy cities of
Jerusalem, Makkah,
and Madinah.
Declared himself
Muhammad’s
successor.
Western Asia & Africa
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Ottomans administered conquered regions
through local rulers.
Central gov’t appointed officials, called
pashas, who collected taxes, kept law
and order, & were responsible for the
sultan’s court.
Europe
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Ottomans tried to complete their
conquest, however, the Hungarians
stopped them at the Danube Valley.
The reign of Suleyman I, beginning in
1520, led to more attacks on Europe.
Suleyman I
Europe
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Ottomans seized Belgrade and advanced
to Vienna, where they were defeated
(1529).
*Don’t Write*
They extended their power into the
western Mediterranean until Spain
defeated them at the Battle of Lepanto
(1571)
Europe
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1683 – Ottomans laid siege to Vienna.
They lost, and never threatened central
Europe again.
Nature of Ottoman Rule
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The O.E. is a.k.a. the “gunpowder empire”
Based on mastering the technology of
firearms.
Sultan was the head of the O.E.
It was a hereditary position.
Sultan was the political & military leader.
Sons often battled for succession.
Nature of Ottoman Rule
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Empire adopted a centralized
administrative system, and sultan became
isolated in his palace.
Commissioners recruited a special class of
slaves, usually Christian boys.
This is known as the Devshirme (boy
levy).
Converted to Islam and were made pages.
Devshirme
Nature of Ottoman Rule
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Topkapi (“iron gate”) Palace was the
center of sultan’s power.
Built by Mehmet II.
Sultan’s private domain was called the
harem (“sacred palace”).
Sultan often had several wives.
Topkapi Palace
Nature of Ottoman Rule
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When son became sultan, mother became
the queen mother. She had great power.
Sultan controlled through a council that
met 4 days a week.
Chief minister – grand vizier – led the
meeting.
Sultan sat behind a screen & indicated his
desire to the grand vizier.
Nature of Ottoman Rule
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Empire was divided into provinces &
districts, each governed by officials who
collected taxes & supplied armies for the
area.
Sultan gave land to senior officials.
Religion in the Ottoman World
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Ottomans were Sunni Muslims.
Rulers were responsible for guidance and
maintaining Islamic law.
Sultans gave their religious duties to
religious advisors called the ulema.
Ulema administered the legal system &
Muslim schools.
Religion in the Ottoman World
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Islamic law & customs were applied to all
Muslims in the empire.
Rulers were tolerant of non-Muslims.
Non-Muslims paid a special tax, but were
free to practice religion.
Most Europeans remained Christian.
Ottoman Society
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Subjects divided in 4 occupational groups
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Peasants
Artisans
Merchants
Pastoral peoples
Ottoman Society
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State leased land to peasants.
Artisans organized into guilds that
provided:
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Financial services
Social security
Trained its members
Ottoman Society
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Merchants were privileged.
They were exempt from taxes & were
wealthy.
Pastoral people were separated by their
own laws & regulations.
Women in Society
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Ottoman system gave more rights to
women than most Islamic countries.
Due to the Turkish view of women being
equal to men.
Could own property & inherit property.
Could not be forced to marry & could
sometimes divorce.
Few served as senior officials.
Problems in the Ottoman Empire
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O.E. reached its high point under
Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566).
Problems became visible in 1699, when
the empire began to lose its territory.
Problems ctd…
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After the death of Suleyman:
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Sultans became less involved in gov’t
Ministers exercised more power.
Senior positions were assigned to children of
elite groups
The bureaucracy lost touch with rural areas,
causing local officials to become corrupt.
Taxes rose as wars depleted the treasury.
*Don’t write this is just interesting
material*
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Cafes began to appear in major cities.
Sultans outlawed drinking coffee and
smoking tobacco.
If subjects were caught in these or other
immoral or illegal acts, they were
executed.
Ottoman Art
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Sultans supported the arts.
The production of pottery, rugs, silk, other
textiles, jewelry, arms, and armor all
flourished.
Greatest accomplishment was in
architecture, especially the mosques.
Hagia Sophia
Ottoman Art
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Sinan was the
greatest architect.
Built 81 mosques.
A dome topped each
mosque & framed by
4 towers (minarets).
Suleimaniye Mosque, Istanbul
Ottoman Art
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Silk industry resurfaced under the
Ottomans.
It boasted distinctive designs & colors
from different regions.