Download The Beliefs of Islam

The Beliefs of
Islam
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Pneumonic Device
I.S.L.A.M.I.C.
Islam’s Holy
Book
• The Quran or Koran – contains the
teachings revealed to Muhammad the
prophet of Allah
Started in the
Middle East
• Islam began
in Saudi
Arabia, in
the Middle
East
Laws = The 5
Pillars of Islam
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Faith in Allah
Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca
Giving alms to the poor (charity)
Fasting during Ramadan
Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in
their lifetime
llah
• Allah is the
Islamic name for
GOD
• Those who follow
Allah are called
MUSLIMS
Muhammad
•Muhammad is the founder
of Islam
•His teachings are written in
the Koran
Islam is
Monotheistic
• Name another religion we
have studied that is
monotheistic =
Cities that are
holy
• Mecca –
Muhammad
was born here
and is where
the KAABA is
located
ities that
are holy
• Medina –
This is the
city where
Muhammad
started Islam
Cities that are
holy
•Jerusalem –
This is where
Muhammad
left to heaven
from
Kaaba
• Is a large cube
building
• It is the holiest
place in Islam
• This is the
building
Muslims face
during prayer
Islam and
Geography
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Deserts
• Only a small strip of fertile land in
south of Saudi Arabia
•Few oases
•The rest is Desert
Bedouins
• Nomads who live in the
desert
• Organized into tribes and
clans
– Clans give security and
support since they live in
extreme conditions
– Defended themselves
from other clans who
wanted water, grazing
territory, livestock or food
supplies
Islamic Way of Life
• Bedouin valued
– Courage
– Loyalty to
family
– Warrior skills
• This would lead to
Islamic way of life
Trade Routes
• Many trade routes connected Arabia
to major ocean and land trade routes
–Extreme south of the peninsula
–To the Byzantine in the north
–Caravan routes went to the Silk Roads
in the east
–Transported spices to the west
Mecca
• Located in Saudi Arabia
• Important stop on trade routes
• During holy months, caravans
stopped in Mecca and this
brought religious pilgrims who
came to worship at the Kaaba
The
Spread Of
Islam
100%
Islam
Crisis
• Muhammad dies in
632
• Muslims now had
to find a new leader
• Muhammad did not
name a successor
Solution
• Muslims chose
Abu-Bakr who was
a loyal friend of
Muhammad
• He became the first
Caliph
• Caliph – (kay-lif)
means successor or
deputy
Abu-Bakr
• After Muhammad died some
Muslims
– Refused to pay taxes
– Tried to say they were prophets
themselves
– Some tribes abandoned Islam
• In order to get things under
control, Abu-Bakr used the
military to get authority.
Muslim State
• By the time Abu died, the Muslim state
controlled all of Arabia
• Under the next 2 caliphs they took:
– Syria
– Lower Egypt
– Parts of Persia
• By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of
the USA!!)
Muslim Troops
• They were successful
because they were
– Willing to struggle till
the end for Islam
– Well disciplined
– Expertly commanded
• Enemies were not used
to their style of
warfare
Byzantine and Persia
• The Byzantine and Persia were already
weak from long time conflicts
• The people welcomed Islam
Treatment of
Conquered
People
• Muslims were tolerant of conquered
people
• The Quran forbids forceful conversion
– They let others keep their religion if they
paid a poll tax
– People who did not convert were not
allowed to spread their own religions
Internal Conflict
• The 2 Caliphs
after Abu Bakr
were assassinated
• After their
assassinations, the
elective system of
choosing caliphs
ended
Umayyads
• A family that came
to power in 661
• They set up a
hereditary system
of getting new
leaders.
• They moved the
Muslim capital to
Damascus
Umayyads
• Surrounded
themselves with
riches
• Some Muslims
did not agree
with the
Umayyads and
split.
The Split
• Muslims split into two groups:
SHI’A
• Believe the leader should be a
relative of Muhammad
SUNNI
• This group followed the Umayyad
rule and followed Muhammad’s
example.
Sufi
• Another group who
reacted against the rich
life of the Umayyads
• They led a life of
poverty and devotion to
the spiritual life of
Islam
• They meditated and
chanted
• Focused on the Quran
Muslim
Achievement
Cultural Contributions
Muslim Architecture
Cultural Blending
• It is in Architecture that the greatest
cultural blending can be seen
• Already existing buildings were modified
by Islamic Ideals
• Islamic Features:
– Multi-lobed interwoven arches
– Domes
– Minarets
– Large courtyards
Multi-lobed interwoven arches
Domes
Dome of the Rock
• Located in Jerusalem
• Rock in the center is believed to be the spot
from where Muhammad ascended (rose)
up to
Heaven
Minarets
• Towers built
from where
Muslims are
called to
prayer 5 times
a day
Large Courtyards
Mosaics
• Artwork created
using tiny pieces
of colored glass
tiles
• Muslims use
mosaics to create
geometric
decorations on
Mosques
Arabic Alphabet
• Arabic was first
used to translate
the context of the
Quran (The Holy
Book of Islam)
• Written from
Right to Left
• Made up of 28
letters
Calligraphy
• Art of beautiful
handwriting
• In Islam, showing
living things in art
was not allowed
• So artists turned to
calligraphy to express
themselves.
• Turn to page 247 in
books
Universities
• Muhammad strongly believed in the
power of learning
– This led to support of places of learning
by Muslim Leaders
• Qualified physicians = treat the sick
• Mathematicians and Astronomers =
Calculated times for prayer
Math
• Arabic Numbers were
adapted from India
– Included the number ZERO
• Led to study of optics
which helped develop
lenses for telescopes and
microscopes
Medical Advances
• The Comprehensive
Book – An
encyclopedia of
medicine using
knowledge from
Greek, Syrian, Arabic
and Indian sources of
knowledge
Science
• Relied on
Scientific
observation and
experimentation
• Translated and
studied Greek texts