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Islam Origins and Basic Principles Courtyard of the Great Mosque at Herat, Afghanistan. Photo: http://www.islamicity.com/ Origins • Arabia (Mecca & Medina) • 7th century • Pre-Islamic Religious Life • Muhammad the Prophet • Born about 570 C.E. in Mecca. Died 632. • Member of the Quraysh tribe • Messenger of God: About 610 C.E. receives visit from angel Gabriel and begins recitation (the Qur’an) Basis of Islam: Qur’an, Sunna, & Hadith • Qur’an • Word of God (Not Muhammad) • One god • Ethical monotheism: God as just & judging • Oral & written • Most authoritative source of Islamic doctrine & practice • Hadith • Based on Sunna: custom of the Prophet • Hadith: customs in written form • Confirm, extends, elaborates on the Qur’an Doctrines & Pillars of Islam • 5 main doctrines of Islam • Faith in the unity of God • Angels as helpers of god • Belief in the scriptures & the prophets • Final judgment • Divine decree (predestination) • Five main pillars of Islam • Shahada (faith) • “There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God.” • Prayer (salat), 5 times a day at set times • Almsgiving (zakat) • Fasting (sawm) during Ramadan • Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) The spread of Islam • Muhammad’s migration to Medina (Hijra) 620 C.E. • Return to Mecca, 620 C.E.; city converts to Islam • Muslim conquests 630s720s • North of Arabia (presentday Syria, Iraq, etc) • Egypt 640 C.E. • North Africa 655 C.E. • Spain 718 C.E. The Great Mosque , Cordoba, Spain. (Built 784-6 , 961-6 , 987-90 , and other restorations). Photo: IslamiCity. Expansion of Islam: Major Cities Map: Thomson/Wadsworth Current Distribution of the World’s Religions Map: Thomson/Wadsworth Major subtypes of Islam: Sunnism & Shi’ism • Emerged in the late 7th c. through political divisions over leadership of the Muslim community • Differences in belief: • Shiite belief in the Imamate: leadership of the Muslim community through familial connection to the Prophet • About 85% of the world’s Muslims are Sunni A young Shiite woman of Iraq worshipping at the end of the Ashura holiday commemorating the death of Hussein in 680 C.E. Sufism • Islamic mysticism: emphasis on spiritual interpretations of Islam • Emphasis on God’s love, piety, simplicity, informality, the “inner way” (tariqa) • Organized into Sufi orders (tariqat) Miniature painting of Rumi by Hossein Behzad • “Dance, as though no one is watching, Love, as though you've never been hurt before, Sing, as though no one can hear you, Work, as though you don't need the money, Live, as though heaven is on earth.” ~Jalal al-Din Rumi~ Other topics • Sharia Law • 4 Sunni “schools”of Jurisprudence • Jihad (Striving) • The Status of Women • Islam & Science An astrolabe, developed by Muslim scientists in the 7th century. University Mosque at al-Azhar, established in 969 in Cairo & one of the oldest universities in the world.