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Islam: an Arabic word that means “peace through submission to God” Muslim: a person who follows the teachings of Islam. It means “anyone or anything that submits to the will of God.” All creation is Muslim. Shahadah: “There is no god but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”. Allah: Arabic name for God. It is preferred over other names because it has no gender affiliation and does not have plurality Christianity Islam Adherents 2 billion (32%) 1.3 billion (18%) Leading Person Jesus Muhammad Holy Book Bible Qur’an Clergy Bishops, Priests Sheikh or Imam House of Worship Church Mosque Theology Monotheistic-Trinitarian Monotheistic Soteriology Passion of Christ; Baptism Following the Five Pillars Holidays Easter Christmas Pentecost Muharram Eid al-Fitr Mawid al-Nabi Fasting Time Lent (Advent) Ramadan Islam is the third in succession of the three monotheistic and Abrahamic faiths Historically: Judaism, Christianity, Islam All three trace their roots to Abraham Islam claims to contain the next revelation after Christ Islam is the second largest religion in world Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world Founder of Islam Muhammad Ibn (son of) Adballah Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al- Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim Born 570/571 AD in Mecca, (Saudi) Arabia 13 wives One from 595-619; 12 after she died Trade merchant; Warrior Descendant of Abraham Abraham Ismail Adnan Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem Adbelmuttalib (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Muhammad Ummayah Dynasty (661-750) Abulahab Alhareth Ali Abbbassides Dynasty (750-1258) Islamic Tradition Angel Gabriel appears to Muhammad in 610 AD Muhammad was either deeply distressed (Sunni) or not frightened (Shi’a) at the appearance of Gabriel Over several years, wrote the revelation (Qur’an) Founded Islam in 622 in Mecca Consolidated warring tribes Nicknames: Almustapha (the chosen), Alamin (the faithful) Titles: The prophet, the messenger (Alrasul) Died 632 AD in Medina, (Saudi) Arabia Muhammad’s Burial Site History of Islam Begins in Arabia Arabs were Semitic-speaking people Nomadic Organized into federated tribes Independent but cooperative Led by a sheikh Chosen from a council of elders Lived in the arid, harsh climate of the Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula was an important center for trade. Trade via caravans across the desert Camels important Empires grew Mecca Key trading center Became rich As the merchants became rich from the Caravan traffic the life of the poor people of the area suffered Theologically, most early Arabs were polytheistic They recognized a chief, or supreme god who they called Allah which is Arabic for “God.” Allah was symbolized by a sacred stone Each tribe had their own stone One central stone called the Black stone which was placed in the shrine called the Ka’bah. This shrine was located in the city of Makkah (Mecca) in what is now Saudi Arabia 610 First revelation in the Harraa cave (27 Ramadan). 622 “Hijra”or Escape. Muhammad and followers escape prosecution and go to Almadinah (Yathrib). Year 1 in the Islamic calendar ‘Missionaries’ sent all over Arabia building peaceful coalition 629 Muhammad conquers Mecca Destroys idols in Alqaaba. Single-handedly, brings peace to war-torn Arabia Either peaceful or out of revenge Abu-Bakr - 632-634 The first elected official. Wise leader, crisis manager Omar Ibn Elkhattab - 634-644 A first-rate statesman. Honest, modest and just. Conquered the Levant, Egypt, Iraq, Persia Damascus (635) Jerusalem (638) A modern state: Treasury, communication, defense. Engraved currency. The Levant Mesopotamia The fertile Crescent EGYPT •Medinah •Mecca Dynasties of the South Othman bin Affan - 644-656 Collected and compiled the Quran Emergence of power struggle Ali Bin Abitalib - 656-661 Power struggle escalated to armed conflict Emergence of political parties End of democracy. Ummayah Dynasty in Damascus, Muawyia (661-680) The Shahadah Believing and professing the unity of God and the messengership of Muhammad “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God.” The Qur’an requires the faithful to tell others of Islam However, it rules out the use of coercion in spreading the message The Qur’an insists on respect for all prophets and all revealed scriptures. Five times a day Facing Mecca Recitation of a series of prayers and passages from the Qur’an Unites community around the world Prayers end as one turns to the two guardian angels on one’s shoulders to say the traditional Muslim greeting—“Assalamu Alaykum” (“Peace be on you”) Zakat 2.5% to needy Purpose: decrease inequality & prevent personal greed Ramadan required Frequent fasts recommended Fasting Liberates a person’s body from the heaviness of food Teaches the soul not to allow anything into the mind and heart that would distract one from God. Controls the body’s desires and builds the mastery needed to control the lower emotions, such as anger and jealousy. Pilgrimage to Mecca At least once in life Walk around Ka’bah seven times Draws all Muslims together in one community According to Islamic tradition, Abraham and Ishmael together built the Ka’bah. The site of Adam’s original place of worship Part of the cubic stone building is a venerated black meteorite Is now the holiest sanctuary in Islam Visit/Pilgrimage required once in a lifetime (one of the Five Pillars) God told Abraham that the Ka’bah should be a place of pilgrimage. Remained a holy place by the Arabian tribes when they turned to polytheism Centuries later, Muhammad was born Father died before he was born Grandfather raised Muhammad He became a shepherd, then a tradesmen “Sixth Pillar” Means “striving” Safeguarding one’s life, faith, honor, livelihood, and the integrity of the Muslim community Absolute monotheism No distinctions or divisions or persons in God Opposes Christianity and Hinduism Supports modern Judaism The original faith “Muslims think that the Oneness of God [monotheism] is the primordial religion taught by all prophets of all faiths.” (Fisher, 373) No worship or prayers to anything other than Allah Major sin: shirk (blasphemy) The sin of practicing idolatry or polytheism The sin of calling a human or material thing “God” Associating anything else with divinity except the one God The unforgiveable sin in Islam Say: “Oh People of the book! / Come to common terms as between us and you: / That we worship none but Allah; / That we associate no partners with Him; / That we erect not from among ourselves / Lords and patrons other than Allah.” (Qur’an) Sufism: There is nothing but God. Monism—one absolute reality. “The underlying essence of life is eternal unity rather than the apparent separateness of things in the physical world.” (Fisher, 373) One reality, but some is unseen—not known to the senses Angels – submissive servants of God Satan – non-submissive being jinn—immaterial beings of fire, whose nature is between that of humans and angels. Satan was originally one of these Unity in Purpose All humans are essentially good since humanity springs from the One Good (God) Struggle for goodness (jihad) Major sin: kufr ungratefulness to God, unbelief, atheism Problem with man is that he is forgetful; hence, struggle to overcome forgetfulness (Brodd, 252) Abu Hashim Madani, an Indian Sufi sage, is said to have taught: “There is only one thing to be gained in life, and that is to remember God with each breath; and there is only one loss in life, and that is the breath drawn without the remembrance of God.” (In Fisher, 373) Goal: Union with Divine Unity in Purpose realized “In the life of the individual, every thought and action should spring from a heart and mind intimately integrated with the divine.” (Fisher, 373) “To believe is to surrender totally to God” (Fisher, 375) None believes in Our revelations save those who, when reminded of them, prostrate themselves in adoration and give glory to their Lord in all humility; who forsake their beds to pray to their Lord in fear and hope; who give in charity of that which We have bestowed on them. No mortal knows what bliss is in store for these as a reward for their labors. (Qur’an) Community: Umma (Brodd, 252) Union among all Muslims & relationships (Struggling together) “All humans, for that matter, are a global family; there is no one “chosen people,” for all are invited into a direct relationship with God.” (Fisher, 373) Unified Ritual: Five Pillars All Muslims must follow the Five Pillars to receive greater “rewards” or “enjoyments” in Paradise Right shoulder angel records a Muslim’s attempts to keep the Five Pillars Also, all good the Muslim does Left shoulder angel records a Muslim’s failings at keeping the Five Pillars Also, all evil the Muslim does A personal diary or book is presented at the end of life which contains the record of the two angels Heaven & Hell clearly distinguished Resurrection of body and soul followed by eternal paradise or hell Hell graphically described so that goodness is done and sin (shirk & kufr) is avoided Hell is the grievous destiny of unrepentant non-believers— those who have rejected faith in and obedience to Allah and His Messenger, who are unjust and who do not forbid evil. Hell also awaits the hypocrites who even after making a covenant with Allah have turned away from their promise to give in charity and to pray regularly: (Fisher, 377) It is a flaming Fire. It drags them down by their scalps; and it shall call him who turned his back and amassed riches and covetously hoarded them By contrast, sinners and non-believers will experience the torments of hell, fire fueled by humans, boiling water, pus, chains, searing winds, food that chokes, and so forth. It is they who condemn themselves; their very bodies turn against them “on the Day when their tongues, their hands, and their feet will bear witness against them as to their actions” (Sura 24:24). The great medieval mystic al-Ghazali speaks of spiritual torments of the soul as well: the agony of being separated from worldly desires, burning shame at seeing one’s life projected, and terrible regret at being barred from the vision of God. (Fisher, 377) Heaven is also graphically described to encourage remembering and goodness For the just and merciful, the state after death is a Garden of Bliss. Those who say, “Our Lord is God . . . shall have all that your souls shall desire. . . . A hospitable gift from One Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful!” (Sura 41:30–32). The desire of the purified souls will be for closeness to God, and their spirits will live in different levels of this closeness. For them, there will be castles, couches, fruits, sweetmeats, honey, houris (beautiful virgin women), and immortal youths serving from goblets and golden platters. Such delights promised by the Qur’an are interpreted metaphorically to mean that human nature will be transformed in the next life to such an extent that the disturbing factors of this physical existence will no longer have any effect. (Fisher, 377) No purgatory; just long repose in the grave Last Judgment clearly taught Belief in only One God. He is defined as Eternal, Absolute, Infinite, Compassionate and Merciful, the sole Creator and Provider. Engage only in Righteous Actions in all areas: spiritual, intellectual and physical activity. All God’s creation is “Muslim”. Only humans are given CHOICE to submit (be Muslim) or reject submission to God’s will. All children are born without sin and are Muslim. As they grow older, they make their religious CHOICE. God created human beings with a body and soul. The body is a temporal host for this life, whereas the soul is eternal. It is the soul that will survive beyond death. Universality of the call. All Muslims are brothers and equals without any distinction of class, race or tongue. Superiority is only based on the greater fear of God and greater piety. Ninth month of the Islamic calendar 12 month lunar calendar 354 or 355 days per year Year 1 = 622 AD The Hijra (the immigration of Mecca) The beginning of Islam Currently: 1435 AH (Year of Hijra) Ramadan is the most venerated month of the Hijri calendar during which Muslims must fast from dawn till sunset and should give charity to the poor The month of Ramadan is that in which was revealed the Quran; a guidance for mankind, and clear proofs of the guidance, and the criterion (of right and wrong). And whosoever of you is present, let him fast the month, and whosoever of you is sick or on a journey, a number of other days. Allah desires for you ease; He desires not hardship for you; and that you should complete the period, and that you should magnify Allah for having guided you, and that perhaps you may be thankful The month lasts 29-30 days Fast from dawn to sunset Increased prayers (salat) and recitation of the Qur’an Ends with Eid al-Fitr A special festival of breaking the fast Eid is a single day Muslims are not permitted to fast on that day. This is a day when Muslims around the world show a common goal of unity A day of no school, no work A special festival of breaking the fast of Ramadan Eid is a single day Muslims are not permitted to fast on that day. People dress in their finest clothes, adorn their homes with lights and decorations, give treats to children, and enjoy visits with friends and family. This is a day when Muslims around the world show a common goal of unity A day of no school, no work Begins on first day of Muharram Beginning of Islamic New Year Week long Festival of Five Pillars Symbolizes Abraham attempt to sacrifice his son Ishmael by God’s request. Should sacrifice an animal and give the food to the poor. Concludes the annual pilgrimage to Mecca Celebrated by all Muslims (not just those on pilgrimage) Alisraa Walmaaraj • Symbolizes the ascending, in Jerusalem, of Mohammed's soul to heaven • Al-Aqsa Mosque in Old Jerusalem • Built over the Jewish Temple • Third holiest place in Isalm The Birthday of Muhammad • Mawlid al-Nabi • This holiday celebrates the birthday of Muhammad, the founder of Islam. It is fixed as the 12th day of the month of Rabi I in the Islamic calendar. Mawlid means birthday of a holy figure and al-Nabi means prophet. • The day is commemorated with recollections of Muhammad's life and significance. Fundamentalist Muslims, such as the Wahhabi sect, do not celebrate it. • Originally, the Quran granted women spiritual and social equality with men. Both men and women were to be friends and protectors of one another. • Women could earn a living and own and inherit property. They played a prominent role in the rise of Islam. • Men and Women had assigned social duties, but most societies in which Islam arose were male dominated • Women in these societies had to have a male guardian and parents arranged marriages for their children. • Men could have up to four wives, but they had to pay a dowry (gift of money or property) to their wives’ families. • Women did have the right to divorce and adultery was forbidden for both men and women. • After the spread of Islam local traditions began to assert themselves and many of the rights that were initially given to women in Islam were replaced by older traditions which denied women equal rights. • The veil worn by Muslim women is traditionally called the Hijab. • The ideal of women wearing veils was common in many Middle Eastern cultures before the advent of Islam. • In Ancient Mesopotamia a veil was a symbol of status, purity, and moral character. • There is some controversy over this use of these veils today. There are different interpretations of this tradition in different parts of the Muslim world. In general, women and men are supposed to dress modestly, the degree of that modesty varies from region to region according to local custom and tradition. • In the Quran the Hijab has different meanings it can mean a curtain or partition dividing rooms--in other verses it is a sacred divide between the earth and holy, god and human, light and dark, and men and women. The Hijab covers the head and Neck The covering that women wear varies from country to country. The Chador covers the full body with a head scarf underneath. The Burka (Burqa) is a veil that completely covers the face and body.