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CHAPTER 9: Eastern Peoples & Eastern Religions Columbian Exposition • 1893 in Chicago • World’s Parliament of Religion o Swami Vivekananda o Anagarika Dharmapala o Soyen Shaku Asian Exclusion • harassment & discrimination • immigration laws o 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act o 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement o 1924 Oriental Exclusion Act • Japanese internment camps Looking from Europe & the East Coast of the U.S. • Nearer East – Eastern Orthodoxy • Middle East – Islam & Baha’i • Farther East – Hinduism & Buddhism Eastern Orthodoxy in America • Russian Orthodox o earliest to arrive • Greek Orthodox o largest branch in America • other national churches e.g.) Romanian, Serbian Eastern Orthodox Churches • “right religion” • patriarchates: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem • autocephalous churches • autonomous churches Eastern Orthodox Practice • Divine Liturgy • Hesychasm • Icons o point of connection to sacred o 8th- & 9th-century controversy Eastern-Western Split within Christianity • opposed primacy of Roman Pope o “filioque” controversy • Pope excommunicated Bishop of Constantinople • 4th Crusade in Constantinople Islam in America • Muslim slaves • African American Muslims o Nation of Islam • Arab & European Muslim immigrants • Immigration Act of 1965 Religion of Islam • Muhammad • Allah • Qur’an • umma • jihad Pillars of Islam 1) confession of faith 2) prayer 5x a day 3) alms 4) fast during Ramadan 5) hajj Forms of Islam • Sunni – caliphs • Shiite – imams o line of Ali o await the Mahdi • Sufi – sheikhs o mysticism Developments in America • mosques as Islamic centers • Muslim Students Association • Islamic Society of North America • September 11th, 2001 Baha’i • “completes” previous religions • Baha’u’llah • age of universal unity & peace • equality & reverence for living things • forbids partisan politics Hindu Religion • religions of India • Brahman & Atman • monism • polytheism • puja Yoga • “union & the discipline to achieve it” • 3 broad paths to the divine o bhakti o karma o jnana • Hatha yoga Early Export Forms of Hinduism • Vedanta Society o Vivekananda o raja yoga • Self-Realization Fellowship o Yogananda o kriya yoga Later Export Forms of Hinduism • Transcendental Meditation o Maharishi Mahesh Yogi • ISKCON o “Hare Krishnas” o A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Post-1965 Hinduism • temple culture o ecumenical • guru culture Buddhism • Siddhartha Gautama • Four Noble Truths 1) 2) 3) 4) human suffering has a cause the cause of suffering is desire there is a way to end suffering the way to end it is to end desire • Eightfold (Middle) Path Major Forms of Buddhism • Theravada – Southeast Asia o arhat • Mahayana – China & Japan o bodhisattva • Vajrayana (Tantric) – Tibet o mystical union with divinity Buddhists in U.S. • early sympathizers o Transcendentalists o Theosophists • monks & lay Buddhists o Pure Land Buddhist immigrants o Tibetan refugees Buddhist Meditation • popular export forms of Buddhism • Rinzai Zen o koans • Soto Zen • Vipassana Insight Meditation Trends of American Buddhism • “Church” or “Temple” Buddhism • “Convert” Buddhism • “Missionary” Buddhism o Nichiren Shoshu o Soka Gakkai International, USA Expansion, Contraction, & Combination • postpluralism • Healthy-Happy-Holy Organization o 3HO o Yogi Bhajan o kundalini yoga, Tantric & Sikh OVERVIEW • Near East – Eastern Orthodoxy • Middle East – Islam & Baha’i • Farther East – Hinduism & Buddhism • ethnic & export forms in U.S.