Download Chapter 14

Chapter 14
The Resurgence of Empire
in East Asia
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1
The Sui Dynasty (589-618 C.E.)




After the Han dynasty, turmoil lasted for more
than 350 years (warring states period)
Construction of palaces and granaries; repairing
the Great Wall
Military expeditions in central Asia and Korea
High taxes and compulsory labor services
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2
The Grand Canal

Intended to promote trade between north and
south China


Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
Linked network of earlier canals


2000 kilometers (1240 miles)
Roads on either bank
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
3
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
4
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
5
The Tang Dynasty (618-907 C.E.)





era of unusual stability and prosperity
Extensive networks of transportation and
communications
Equal-field system--land allotted according to needs
Bureaucracy of merit through civil service exams
Foreign relations
 Tributary system became diplomatic policy
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
6
Major Achievements of Tang
Dynasty

Transportation and communications


Extensive postal, courier services
Equal-field system


20% of land, hereditary ownership
80% redistributed according to formula


Family size, land fertility
Worked well until eighth century

Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
7
Bureaucracy of Merit

Imperial civil service examinations


Confucian educational curriculum
Most advance through merit



Educational opportunity widely available
Built loyalty to the dynasty
System remains strong until early twentieth century
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
8
The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 589-907 C.E.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
9
Tang Decline



Governmental neglect: emperor obsessed with
music, favorite concubine
Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress
rebellion, sacked Chang’an
Tang decline continues, last emperor abdicates
907
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
10
Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E.)





Emphasis on administration, industry, education,
the arts
Military not emphasized
Weakness:
Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
Civil service leadership of military



Lacked military training
Unable to contain nomadic attacks
Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
11
The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
12
Agricultural Economies of the Tang
and Song Dynasties



Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two
crops per year
Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals
Soil fertilization, improved irrigation

Water wheels, canals
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
13
Population Growth


Result of increased
agricultural production
Effective food
distribution system

Transportation
networks built under
Tang and Song
dynasties
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
14
Urbanization

Chang’an world’s most populous city: two
million residents

Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over one million
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
15
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
16
Patriarchal Social Structures


Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
Foot binding gains popularity


Increased control by male family members
Wu Zhao (626-706 C.E.)
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
17
Foot Binding
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
18
Footbinding

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qy60cJciNHQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3hqKDHzY
Wc&feature=related
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
19
Technology and Industry





Porcelain (chinaware) diffused rapidly
Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not
coal, in furnaces
 Agricultural tools, weaponry
Gunpowder was used in primitive weapons and
diffused through Eurasia
Printing developed from wood block to movable type
Naval technology: "south-pointing needle"--the
magnetic compass
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
20
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
21
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
22
Emergence of a Market Economy

Letters of credit developed to deal with copper
coin shortages


Development of independently produced paper
money


Flying cash (letters of credit)
Not as stable, riots when not honored
Government claims monopoly on money
production in eleventh century
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
23
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
24
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
25
Cultural Change in Tang and Song
China



Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam
also appear
Buddhism in China
 Attraction: moral standards, intellectual
sophistication, and salvation
 Monasteries became large landowners, helped the
poor and needy
 Also posed a challenge to Chinese cultural tradition
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
26
Wu Zhao




Buddhist powers were broken and replaced by
Confucian ideologies
Reason: Buddhism was seen as undermining the family
system (no tax, no army) and eroding the tax base by
accumulating tax free land and attracting too many to
be monks and nuns. Buddhism legitimized women’s
participation in politics.
Wu Zhao: took control of the government and made
HERSELF emperor with the support of Buddhism
Crackdown of Buddhism-scholars could paint Wu in a
bad light so women could not get many rights
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
27
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
28
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
29
Neo-Confucianism


Keep Confucianism philosophies
“Neo” (new) philosophy: get rid of outside
influences and ideas because they are detrimental
to Chinese society
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
30
China and Early Japan


Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
Yet retention of Shinto religion
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
31
Institution of the Shogun



Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C.E.
Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to
continue in Kyoto
Shogun: military leader of Japan
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
32
Medieval Japan




Professional warriors of provincial lords
Valued loyalty, military talent, and discipline
Observed samurai code called bushido
To preserve their honor, engaged in ritual suicide
called seppuku
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
33
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
34