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Japan Map Japanese Civilization • 10,000 - 300 BCE - Prehistoric period of tribal/clan organization Stone Age hunters and gatherers who make jomon (rope-patterned) pottery inhabit Japan • 660 BCE - Mythological Jimmu (Divine Warrior), descendant of sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, founds first Japanese empire • 300 BCE – 300CE – Yayoi Perido - Rice cultivation, metalworking, and the potter's wheel are introduced from China and Korea • 100-300 CE - Local clans form small political units Japanese Religion - Shintoism • The most significant influences that arrived from Korea and China in Japan were in the realm of religion • Most important of all was the arrival of Buddhism • However the Japanese did have an indigenous religion, called Shinto • Shinto started out as a nature worship religion and evolved into a state religion of patriotic appreciation to the Japanese land itself • Shintoism also would include animism and ancestor worship • Shinto rituals could be performed in homes as well as in temples – allowing it to become a more personal religion • To an extent, the development of Shintoism was a reaction against foreign influence, especially that of China. Japanese Religion - Shintoism • In the 7th-8th centuries, the Japanese wrote down their native myths and legends in a collection called Kojiki (Chronicles of Ancient Events) • In it are the creation myths and foundation of the Shinto religion • Shinto gods are called kami • Izanagi and Izanami were the first gods from whom all other gods descended • The most important of whom is Ameterasu, the sun goddess, who is considered the ancestor of all Japanese emperors Japanese Art • • • • • Jomon Earthenware Pot 2000 BCE Japan Pottery Use of geometric patterns to create various impressions • Called Jomon (rope) because the patterns are rope-like in appearance Japanese Art • • • • • Haniwa Figures 5th – 4th centuries BCE Japan Sculpture These figures were placed on the tops of graves • Each one representing the deceased below or his/her interests Japanese Art • • • • • Horyu-ji Kondo 670 CE Nara, Japan Architecture Oldest wooden temple in Japan • Japanese favored lateral over linear movement and building are lined up left to right rather than one in front of the other Horyu-ji kondo Phoenix Hall 1053 C.E. Byodoin, Uji, Japan Architecture The Phoenix is the mythical bird that supposedly protects the Buddha Was originally a private villa converted into a temple during Heian Period Japanese Art • • • • • • Shaka Triad 623 CE Nara, Japan Artist: Tori Busshi Asuka Period The Buddha is flanked by 2 bodhisattvas sitting on a throne • Buddha’s name in Japan is Shakyamuni Japanese Art • • • • • • Tale of the Genji –Azumaya Chapter 12th century CE Nagoya, Japan Illuminated manuscript Heian Hand scroll Emphasis on placement of figures, costumes and design Japanese Art • • • • • Shokintei 1660s Kyoto, Japan Architecture In the Katsura Palace Gardens • Named after the sound of the wind in the pines that surround it • This is a typical Japanese tea ceremony pavilion • Nature is a key part of Japanese aesthetics Japanese Art • • • • • • • Winter Landscape 1470s Tokyo, Japan Painting Artist: Sesshu Ashikaga Period Harshness of pictorial style is characteristic of Sesshu’s work • Suggests the cold bitter mood of winter Japanese Art • • • • • • Daruma Meditating 1760 Japan Painting Artist: Hakuin Ekaku Attempt to capture the intensity of meditation Japanese Art • • • • • • Painting the Lips 1794 – 1795 CE Tokyo, Japan Painting/Relief Artist: Utamaro Kitagawa A wood block print meant for mass production • Since she has eyebrows she is an unmarried woman – most likely a courtesan Japanese Art • The Great Wave off Kanagawa • 1831 • Tokyo, Japan • Painting/Relief • Artist: Hokusai Katsushika • Also a wood block print for reproduction • Depicts the power of nature, Mount Fuji can be seen in the distance – the symbol of Japan’s stability Japanese Art • Temple of the Golden Pavilion • 1397 • Kyoto, Japan • Architecture • Muromachi Period • Built as a retreat for the shogun Yoshimitsu and converted into a temple after his retirement • Named because parts of temple are covered with gold leaf Japanese Art • • • • • Himeji Castle 1581 – 1609 Hyogo, Japan Architecture Living spaces and fortifications are combined into one space • Made of strong masonry made necessary by the introduction of firearms and cannons Japanese Art • Garden of the Daisen-in Monastery • 16th century • Kyoto, Japan • Architecture • Artist: Kagaku Soku • Used as a place of meditation and assembly of Zen priests • Vertical rocks represent cliffs, horizontal stones represent embankments and bridges and trees in the back represent mountains Japanese Erotic Art Group Orientation • • • • • Kinship Bureaucracy Ie (household) system Group decision making Samurai spirit (loyalty) Individual Expression • • • • • Arts Political and economic ambition Private property Individual rights Samurai spirit (self-discipline) The establishment of Japanese kinship organization • Prehistoric Jomon and Yayoi cultures • Establishment of Uji (clan/family) based social and political organization • Yamato establishes first control over large area • Contact with Korea and China The rise of the Samurai • The breakdown of imperial administration and land contro • The rise of the warrior bands • The Kamakura Shogunate (1192) • The Ashikaga Shogunate (1368) • The Warring States (14671573) Social Stratification • Samurai and Nobility (Shi) • Farmers (No) • Craftsmen (Ko) • Merchants (Sho) • (Floating world (Ukiyo) people and Eta) Yamato Period: 300-710 Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture: Confucianism. Language (kanji characters). Buddhist sects. Chinese art & architecture. Government structure. “Great Kings” era Prince Shotoku: 573-621 Adopted Chinese culture and Confucianism. Buddhist sects allowed to develop. Created a new government structure: 17 Article Constitution in 604. Heian Period: 794-1156 Characteristics: Growth of large landed estates. Arts & literature of China flourished. Elaborate court life [highly refined] ETIQUETTE. Personal diaries The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon [10c] Great novel The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+] Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. Heian Period: Cultural Borrowing 1.Chinese writing. 2.Chinese artistic styles. 3.Buddhism [in the form of ZEN]. 4.BUT, not the Chinese civil service system! Heian Court Dress The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon (diary) The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon (diary) Tale of Genji (first novel) Tale of Genji Scroll (first novel) Lady Murasaki Shikibu She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji. Minamoto Yoritomo Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333 The emperor reigned, but did not always rule! Feudal Society Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan: Shogun Land - Shoen Land - Shoen Protection Samurai Peasant Daimyo Loyalty Daimyo Samurai Peasant Loyalty Samurai Peasant Food Peasant Code of Bushido * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity Seppuku: Ritual Suicide It is honorable to die in this way. Kaishaku – his “seconds” Full Samurai Attire Samurai Sword Early Mounted Samurai Warriors Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Europe: King Land - Fief Land - Fief Protection Knight Peasant Lord Loyalty Lord Knight Peasant Loyalty Knight Peasant Food Peasant Code of Chivalry * Justice * Loyalty * Defense * Courage * Faith * Humility * Nobility Medieval Warriors vs. European knight Samurai Warrior Medieval Warriors vs. Knight’s Armor Samurai Armor Zen Buddhism A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China. It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline. Osaka Castle Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle Caernorfon Castle, Wales Warwick Castle, England The Age of the Warring States: (1467 - 1568) Castles built on hills in different provinces. Power shifts from above to below. Europeans arrive in Japan bringing firearms & Christianity. Christianity & foreign trade flourish. Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun. Unifies a large part of Japan. Catholic Jesuits in Japan St. Francis Xavier [First Catholic Missionaries in Asia] Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions. Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan. Tries to invade Korea, but fails. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) Appointed shogun by the Emperor. Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class! Warriors. Farmers. Artisans. Merchants. Tokugawa Shogunate Period Japan closed off to all trade [except to the Dutch and Chinese]. The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor. Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun. Domestic trade flourishes. Towns, esp. castle towns, increase. Merchant class becomes rich! New art forms haiku poetry, kabuki theater. Polytheism Shinto Minimize sin & guilt Amaterasu : Sun Goddess Wedded Rocks at Futami no Ura Union of Izanami & Izanagi Tree kami surrounded by sacred boundaries Torii Gate, Miyajima Island Torii Gate in Winter Torii Gate A Tunnel of Torii Gates Inari Mt., Kyoto Torii Gong Shinto Temple – “worship hall” Shinto Priest Traditional Shinto Wedding Today Prayers, Thoughts, & Wishes at a Shinto Shrine Memorials for the Unborn Jizo Stones Shinto Subway Shrine Hot Sand Bath at Takegawara Onsen, Beppu Origins in the Nara Period (710794) Japanese Baths Grandma & her grandson Noh Theater : 8-man chorus Noh Theater The Play Aoi no Ue Noh Theater Traditional Weeping Gesture Woman Heavenly-being Demonness Old Man Kabuki Theater An interior of a Kabuki theater. Bunraku Puppets Bunraku Puppets Chanoyu : Tea Ceremony Tea Ceremony Equipment Green Tea A Japanese Tea Master A Japanese Tea House A Tea House Interior Origami : The Art of Japanese Paper Folding Origami : Modern Adaptations Calligraphy Calligraphy Haiku : 17-syllable poem Spring departs. Birds cry Fishes' eyes are filled with tears. Matsuo Basho, Master of Haiku Ikebana : The Art of Japanese Flower Arranging Tallest Heaven Middle Man Smallest Earth Bonzai : A Unique Method of Meditation Japanese Garden for Meditation Japanese Zen Garden Japanese Sand Garden Miniature Rock/Sand Garden Shinto in Modern Furniture Simplicity! ARIGATO!
