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INDIA 321 B.C.E.-550 C.E. Hinduism “God is one, but wise people know it by many names” Brahman–all-powerful spiritual force Reincarnation-rebirth of the soul in another bodily form Karma-all the actions of one’s life that affects the fate of the next life Dharma-religious and moral duties of an individual 1. Temple Worship 2. Recitation of sacred text 3. Pilgrimage 4. Meditation Hindu Practices Caste System Closely tied to Hindu beliefs Governed everyday life “Untouchables” Ensured a stable social order Sense of identity How did Buddhism change? Buddha began to be worshipped by Buddhists boddhisatvas appeared - those that gave up nirvana to help others Eightfold Path (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Right belief Right resolve Live a moderate lifestyle = the Middle Path Right speech Right behavior In order to attain spiritual Right occupation independence or nirvana - break away from the cycle of Right effort reincarnation Right contemplation Right meditation Who will be attracted? It will appeal to members of the lower castes women How will it spread? Ashoka’s conversion helps it spread in India monks in monasteries merchants through trade Back to India Mauryan Empire 324 B.C.E. - 184 B.C.E. Gupta Empire - classical era of India 320 550 C.E. Maurya Empire Chandragupta Maurya-King Well organized bureaucracy Village-fundamental unit of government Tax collecting and courts Civil and military organization Effective but harsh Slavery Mauryan Empire 321 - 185 B.C.E. Most famous ruler: Ashoka - turned Buddhist BEFORE the Mauryan Empire, India’s government was separated into kingship groups and independent groups. AFTER the rule of the Mauryan Empire, India again divided into many regional kingdoms. The caste system was in place so political authority was of only secondary importance. Asoka-Most honored King Bloody war Converted to Buddhism Missionaries Hospitals Roads and rest houses Asoka 274 -232 BCE Most famous king Empire covered 2/3 of subcontinent Warrior Experienced a conversion and became a Buddhist Gave up warfare Issued laws showing concern for others Rock edits caved into stone Used native languages and Sanskrit Built hospitals and shelters for travelers Mauryan Collapse Asoka’s successors abused power Levied heavy taxes Seized crops People revolted in 184 India again split into small kingships Gupta Empire 310 AD Base was once again old Magadha kingdom Chandragupta I united tribes Married well gaining land and power Became known as India’s Golden Age Smaller then Mauryas Never captured Deccan Never controlled the Indus valley Trade With knowledge of monsoons Open water trade between East Africa and India begins Indian coastline not good for big ships Government needed to give small ships to lead big ships to harbor Government control of trade led to centralized government and many small states Ivory major import to India Spices, rice, sugar, indigo and Iron for Mediterranean bullion Trade with China Through Southeast Asia First across sea of Bengal to Isthmus of Bra Then through Straits of Melaka Indian religion and culture taken to South East Asia Buddhism Hindu kingship and ritual added Gupta Religion Hinduism was religion of the empire Devotional worship of Vishnu and Shiva Encouraged study of the Upanishads Built elaborate temples Buddhism tolerated Gupta Government: Gupta emperors did not have a bureaucracy but instead allowed local rulers to maintain regional control = regionalism Uniformed law codes and roads built No single language imposed but Sanskrit was the language of the educated people What provided order and stability? caste system Patriarchal Society Women lose rights: child brides - marriage arranged with dowries sati - widow to cremate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre Marriage Unilaterial flow of gifts from brides family to husbands Only acceptable condition for women Child marriage grew Sati was encouraged Women seen as resposible for husband’s welfare Tradition held 35 million years of bliss for those that performed sati If they did not sati Wear white, no jewelry Eat only 1 meal and day Legal rights of women Law of Manu Dayabhada – Bengali tradition Limited property rights Called for marriage of women at a young age to much older men Widows were forbidden to remarry Women inherited Stridhan and property Sati more prevalent in Bengal Mitskara Limited rights to property Land divided among male family members Women inherited after great grandson Economy an agricultural economy but with more emphasis on trade than in Mediterranean civilizations and in China - merchants enjoyed a high caste status steel surpasses China’s manufacture of cotton cloth, calico and cashmere The Tamils of south India traded cotton and silks Gupta Art and Learning Poets,playwright,philosophers and scientists flourished Panchatantra Collection of folk tales Morals though animal tales-like Aesop’s fables Kalidasa a famous playwright wrote Shakuntala a romance University of Nalanda 8 colleges and 3 libraries Spread of Indian culture Indian culture, Hinduism and Buddhism spreads through Indian Ocean trade to S.E. Asia Indian religion of Buddhism spread to China through the Silk Road Indian Number system place value notation - tens, hundreds, thousands columns invention of the zero spreads to Middle East Europeans adopt is from Arabs = Arabic numerals are really Indian numerals Arabs transported them to the west Spain Gupta Empire Strong central government Peace and prosperity Power left up to villages Golden Age Great cultural achievements Literature Arabic numerals-1,2,3…. Decimal system-.0123 Surgeons and vaccinations Decline Weak rulers Civil war Foreign invaders White Huns Destroyed cities and trade Split into many kingdoms Death of the Gupta Empire Invaded by the “White Huns”, Rajputs Broke into small states in early 600ACE Ripe for take over Invasions from the north were frequent Harsha – Rajput king unified N. India Tolerant Buddhist Died 647 CE died About to face Islamic invasions Gupta Empire The Gupta Empire was a “theatre-state.” This means that rulers used rituals and ceremonies to persuade others to follow its lead. SPRITE features of the Gupta Empire. S = urbanization and new middle class led to women’s status drops; practice of sati and child brides begins; women escaped these new restrictions joining Jainist or Buddhist communities. P = A theatre-state; rulers not as powerful as Mauryans; hereditary governors controlled provinces and could exploit their people; labor tax as well as tax on agriculture sustained the gov’t. R = Gupta rulers were Hindu but practiced religious toleration; Hinduism and the caste system became more important and status of Brahmin priests increased T = astronomers, mathematicians and scientists were supported by the government; the concept of zero and the system of place-value notation was invented known as “Arabic” number system E = Trade flourished; After the fall of the Roman Empire, merchants turned to S.E. Asia for trade, especially Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula; the government monopolized the mining of salt and metals