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China since 1945 • From 1945 to 1949 China was involved in a civil war • In 1949 the Communists win and establish the People’s Republic of China • Mao becomes the leader of China Mao Tse-tung China since 1945 • Mao declared that China was against imperialism, feudalism, bureaucracy and democracy • He had many plans to change China and immediately put them into action • His new government enacted many plans to fix problems such as inflation and low production Mao’s Plans for China • The Great Leap Forward – Created communes (selfsufficient settlements containing farms and industries) – They did not work at all: production fell, life was difficult, China experienced bad weather, rewards were limited – The plan was abandoned after two years “Long live the general direction! Long live the Great Leap Forward! Long live the People’s Commune!” Mao’s Plans for China • After the failure of the Great Leap Forward Mao attempted a Cultural Revolution • The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to change the old order and establish a new socialist society • The Red Guard (young men and women) would enforce the policies of the revolution Mao’s Plans For China • The revolution was to destroy the four olds: old ideology, old thoughts, old habits and old customs • Those who opposed Mao were publicly punished • Farm production fell, factory work stopped and schools closed • As a result there was no economy, many people had left and there was no education • It was an enormous failure and Mao ended it in 1969 Question Time! • Why would the people of China still support Mao after two very large failures? • Take a few moments to think about why the people might still be behind Mao. • Can you think of any examples in our history of when a president has a great failure and we still support him? Growing Division (1962-1965) • Mao Zedong vs. Deng Xiaoping • charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy Deng Xiaoping Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution – commitment to revolution and “class struggle” – power struggle to succeed Mao • Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” • Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao • Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four” Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) • Purge of party cadres – Deng Xiaoping • Purge of intellectuals Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71) • the putative successor to Mao Zedong (tse-tung) • In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed – to assassinate Mao – had to flee to Soviet Union • His departure eroded the credibility of the entire leadership Phase III: the “Gang of Four” • 1972 – 1976 • power struggle between – the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife – Goal continue Cultural revolution…failed when Mao dies and his power is gone…gang of 4 put on trial and convicted….Dang Xiaoping takes power Diplomatic Breakthrough • 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC) Diplomatic Breakthrough • 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 • Turning point in China’s postwar era • “Gang of Four” were arrested • End of the Cultural Revolution Mao’s legacies Reforms and Opening up • The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 – Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy – economic modernization became focus • US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979 China since 1945 • Mao dies in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping comes to power. • Deng institutes the Four Modernizations, which focuses on improving agriculture, industry, science and technology as well as defense. • Deng was in power until his death in 1997 Government in China Today • Currently known as the People’s Republic of China (PRC). • It is a single-party socialist republic (one party, in favor of the working class) • The Communist party holds power • The current president is Hu Jianto • Beijing is the capital city Review of China’s Population • Over 1.3 billion people (1/5 of the world’s population) • 56 recognized ethnic groups. The Han are the largest (92%) • Large population can be attributed to Mao Population in China • Efforts were made to limit the population – Only 2 children per family law – One Child Policy • Policies did not work that well – Rural families did not comply – Males regarded more highly than females Geography Review • China is the world’s second largest country by land area (9,326,410 km2) • China has a wide range of topography • There are numerous plains, plateaus, basins and mountains • Only 14% of the land is arable Chinese Language • Many dialects are spoken in China, but Mandarin is the most widely spoken • 70% of the people in China speak it • It is the most widely spoken language in the world (100 million people speak it worldwide Facts about the Chinese Language • It is nonphonetic-the written form gives no clues to its pronunciation • There are over 20,000 different characters • There are four major tones and a “toneless” pitch used. The meaning of a word can change depending on the tone • They use a base-ten number system (terms for 1 to 10; 11 would be “ten one”) Chinese Food • Cantonese and Chaozhou Dim Sum – Steaming, boiling and stir-frying – Dim Sum • Beijing and Shandong – Steamed bread and noodles rather than rice – Beijing duck Beijing Duck Chinese Food • Eastern China – Most diverse cuisine – Soups; “Red Cooking” (cooking in a stock of soy sauce and red wine) – Seafood along the coast Wuxi Spare Ribs Chinese Food • Sichuan (Szechuan) – Southwestern China – More than 4,000 dishes – Hottest and spiciest cuisine in China – Numerous sauces – Stir-frying, steaming and braising Kung Pao Chicken Twice Cooked Beef Religion in China • China is officially secular and atheist, but religion is allowed • Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have been the dominant religions for almost 2,000 years • Some people practice Christianity (3-4%) and Islam (1-2%) Taoism • Daoism • Indigenous religion of China; the folk religion of China • Philosophy is centered on “the way”--recognizing the true nature of the universe • Emphasizes non-action, emptiness, detachment, flexibility, receptiveness, spontaneity and ways of speaking and guiding behavior Buddhism • “Teaching of the awakened one” • Buddhism traveled from India during the Han dynasty • It has been popular among both commoners and emperors • It is estimated that there are between 280 million to 350 million Buddhists. It is the world’s fifth largest religion. • 20-25% of China’s population is Buddhist Buddhism • The Four Noble Truths: in life their exists suffering which is caused by desire – – – – Suffering The cause of suffering The cessation of suffering The way leading to the cessation of suffering • Suffering can be ceased by following the Noble Eightfold Path Buddhism • The Noble Eightfold Path – Sila: morality • Right speech--one speaks in a non hurtful, truthful way • Right actions--avoiding actions that do harm • Right livelihood--one’s way of life does not harm any one – Samadhi: developing mastery over one’s mind • Right effort--making an effort to improve • Right awareness--mental ability to see things for what they are • Right concentration--being aware of the present reality – Prajna: wisdom that purifies the mind • Right thoughts--change in the pattern of thinking • Right understanding--understanding reality as it is, not as it appears to be Buddhism • The guiding principle of Buddhism is the Middle Way. It is the practice of non-extremism; a path of moderation. • All Buddhist branches have these commonalities: – All accept the Buddha as their teacher – All accept the Middle Way, the Four Noble Truth and the Noble Eightfold Path – All accept that everyone can pursue the path toward enlightenment – All accept the three types of Buddha and consider Buddhahood to be the highest attainment Confucianism • Developed from the teaching of Confucius • System of moral, social, political and religious thought • Greatly influenced China up until the 21st century Confucianism • Elements of the religion: – – – – – – Ritual: system of norms for followers Relationships: people hold different statuses in relationships Filial Piety: respect shown to elders Loyalty: respect show to ruler Humaneness: the Golden Rule Gentleman: everyone should strive to be a gentleman