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Name: ______________________ Period 4 CMM CONTINUED: The Chinese Revolution (1911-1989) Program Overview China’s political history has been characterized by long periods of stability alternating with periods of competing clans battling for control. For many year, the country was kept largely isolated by imperial rulers who regarded the rest of the world as inferior. European merchants and then warships fought to open China and, in the aftermath of the Opium Wars in the 19th century, subjected the country to increasing foreign domination. Failed rebellions against the western powers and against China’s own backward imperial rulers came to a head in 1911 when Sun Yat-sen led a revolution to establish a western-style government, an effort that was largely thwarted by the power of local warlords. After Sun’s death, Chiang Kai-shek took control and soon turned on his communist allies, led by Mao Zedong. In 1934, Mao and 100,000 associates embarked on the epic Long March to the remote mountains of northern China, where they began formulating the communist revolution. After World War II, Mao’s communist forces defeated Chiang’s Nationalist army and established the People’s Republic of China. The new regime set up a communist society that sought to rapidly transform China’s industry and agriculture to improve the lives of millions of poor peasants; however, Mao’s Great Leap Forward was largely a disaster and forced him to relinquish power. Mao returned in the mid-1960s to launch the Cultural Revolution with the aim of squelching anti-communist thought and behavior - a catastrophe that caused thousands of deaths and tore apart the social fabric of China. Despite these failures, Mao remained a flawed but powerful symbol of the high ideals of the revolution. In the post-Mao period, market socialism has vastly improved the economy, but democratic reforms have been violently suppressed. Despite the world’s condemnation of the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989 and China’s continuing social and environmental challenges, the focus has been more on China’s huge economic potential, which may make it the world’s richest country in the near future. Timeline 1840 - 1842: Great Britain defeats China in the First Opium War. 1851 - 1864: The Chinese Empire is besieged in the Taiping Rebellion. 1856 - 1860: European powers defeat China in the Second Opium War. 1900: Foreigners are attacked in the Boxer Rebellion. 1911: Sun Yat-sen topples the Ching Dynasty in the Republican Revolution. 1925: Sun Yat-sen dies. 1927: The Chinese Civil War begins. 1934: Mao leads communist associates on the epic Long March. 1937: China is invaded by Japan. 1945: Japan surrenders and the Chinese Civil War continues. 1949: Nationalist China is established on the is land of Taiwan. 1949: The People’s Republic of China is established on the mainland of China. 1950s: Mao embarks on the Great Leap Forward. 1960s: Mao initiates the Cultural Revolution. 1976: Mao dies. 1978: Deng Xiaoping leads China’s shift to market socialism. 1989: Pro-democracy demonstrators are attacked in and around Tiananmen Square. Vocabulary Chinese Communists political party led by Mao Zedong that was victorious in the 1949 Chinese Revolution Chinese Nationalists political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 that was later led by Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang was defeated during the 1949 Chinese Revolution and established a government on the island of Taiwan The Long March an epic trek made in 1934–5 by Chinese Communists to the remote parts of northern China to keep their movement alive Ch’in Dynasty: dynasty that was the first to unite China’s warring factions Monarchy a government in which a single person is the hereditary ruler Opium Wars aars from 1839 to 1860 in which China was forced to accept imports of opium from Great Britain and was subjected to increasing foreign domination Taiping Rebellion a major mid -19th century rebellion against the Ching Dynasty that was brutally crushed Boxer Rebellion A 1900 uprising by nationalists in China seeking to rid the country of foreign influence Reparations compensation payments made by a defeated nation to a victorious nation Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925 a Chinese revolutionary and first president and founding father of the Republic of China ("Nationalist China") Ching Dynasty last imperial dynasty to rule China, from 1644 to 1911. It is also known as the Manchu dynasty Warlords In China, local military rulers who exercised control over their particular territories. Guomindang Party the Nationalist Party founded in 1912 by Sun Yat-sen World War II second major war of the 20th century that involved the Allied Powers of England, France, the Soviet Union and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Japan and Italy Guerrilla an independent fighter who is not part of a regular military force but engages in warfare Zhou Enlai follower of Mao and the first premier of communist China Great Leap Forward Mao’s largely failed attempt to rapidly industrialize factories and collectivize agriculture in China Cultural Revolution a movement led by Mao in the 1960s to reinforce communism as the focus of Chinese society Red Guards Groups of armed university and high school students formed to enforce the ideals of the Cultural Revolution. Little Red Book A communist primer of collected quotations by Mao. Focus Questions: Respond to the following questions as you watch the video. 1. What was the Long March? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What was Mao’s opinion of Chinese peasants? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why did China try to remain is isolated from the rest of the world? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What were the Opium Wars? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 5. What was the result of the Boxer Rebellion? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 6. On what three principles did Sun Yat-sen base his 1911 Revolution? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Who was Chiang Kai-shek? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 8. What happened when Japan invaded China? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 9. Where did Chiang Kai-shek go when he left mainland China? Why? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Who was the first premier of Communist China? _______________________________________________________________________________ 11. What were the aims and the results of the Great Leap Forward? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 12. What was the purpose of the Cultural Revolution? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 13. What policy change did Deng Xiaoping introduce? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 14. Why did soldiers attack protestors around Tiananmen Square? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________