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Fiorentina Poulli LECTURE 4-PSY101 1 OUTLINE OF THE LESSON The main stages of memory. Ways of improving memory. Forgetting – factors contributing to forgetting. Disorders associated with forgetting- Amnesia, Fading and Distortion, etc. Ways to improve study methods- time schedules, concentration, preparing for tests, etc. LECTURE 4-PSY101 2 Introduction Where were you on the evening of last February 28th? Difficulty in remembering How can we improve abilities like memory? Why memory sometimes succeeds and sometimes fail? Learn ways to minimize forgetting and sharpen your memory ! LECTURE 4-PSY101 3 MEMORY Imagine what it would be like not to have memory You would not know who you are, where you are, you wouldn't be able to speak, read, write etc. Importance of memory Consider the many things you do remember LECTURE 4-PSY101 4 Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past, we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. Memory : is the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved LECTURE 4-PSY101 5 Psychologists compare the human memory to a Filing Cabinet . You pick out special information from the environment & store it in your brain If you File it correctly, you will be able to retrieve it easily from your brain file If you misfile it or forget where it is filed, you will have trouble retrieving or remembering the info People use only a very small portion of their memory potential LECTURE 4-PSY101 6 THE STAGES OF MEMORY input Sensory Register Short term Memory LECTURE 4-PSY101 Long Term Memory retrieval 7 The difference between each stage is the length of time involved Sensory Register Short-Term Retention Long-Term Retention LECTURE 4-PSY101 • Lasts only a few milliseconds • lasts only few seconds • can last a lifetime 8 THE STAGES OF MEMORY Sensory Register First stage of memory when information that is sensed is briefly recorded & rapidly decays if not passed along to short-term memory Lasts less than a second Records everything that you sensed LECTURE 4-PSY101 You sensory Only a register take in fractional far more percentage of information sensations are than can be passed along processed, so into shortmost inputs term memory will be lost 9 THE STAGES OF MEMORY Short-Term Memory Second stage of memory when information is stored for less than 30 seconds Case- if you looked the phone number of your favourite restaurant, you could probably retain it just long enough to dial the number.. if your friend asked you to repeat the number you would not remember it. limited duration12seconds-20 seconds LECTURE 4-PSY101 limited capacity 10 Short-Term Memory-Chunking For example you could remember a number with max seven digits to dial, but if someone tell you to dial the country code, you may have a problem Most people can manipulate only 7 items at a time LECTURE 4-PSY101 Items can be stored either individually or in chunks, many people find it profitable to group information or items to increase shortterm retention 11 Short-Term Memory LECTURE 4-PSY101 12 Short-Term Memory Practice & rehearsal help to maintain items in shortterm memory If you repeat a phone number over and over again you are more likely to remember it, if you dial it two or three times If you are distracted or need to retain some new information in short-term memory, chances are you will find yourself with your finger on the phone & have no idea which numbers should be dial LECTURE 4-PSY101 13 Memory LECTURE 4-PSY101 14 Short-Term Memory Practice has been found to be an effective method in increasing retention Repeating information to yourself either silently or aloud you create a memory that can last If you want to remember the name of someone you just met, use the name as you are talking with the person. (repeating the name will act as a rehearsal and you will be hearing your own voice) LECTURE 4-PSY101 15 THE STAGES OF MEMORY Long-Term Memory Third stage of memory Items remembered more than 5 minutes are likely to be stored there indefinitely Memories can last hours, days, months, years or a lifetime After 100 years of memories, new material can still be stored You need to sort through an immense supply of information to find a correct response in long-term memory As a result, retrieval or recall from long-term memory is generally slower & more difficult than is recall from short-term memory LECTURE 4-PSY101 16 IMPROVING LONG-TERM MEMORY There are a number of tricks & gimmicks that have been successful in increasing the efficiency of long-term retention LECTURE 4-PSY101 Most techniques focus on 1 or 2 aspects of memory: • Depositing • Retrieving 17 IMPROVING DEPOSITING Most systems in the brain use mnemonics to improve the deposit of memories Mnemonics: Method that gives meaning & organization to help memory LECTURE 4-PSY101 18 Case Mathematics students who want to memorize the first 15 digits in the decimal expansion of “π” “How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving mechanics” Astronomy students “Mercury’s very eager mother just served us nine potatoes” LECTURE 4-PSY101 19 IMPROVING DEPOSITING Pegword: Method for improving memory, using a poem to attach material image associations with items on a list that is to be retained 1st memorize the following poem: 1 is a bun 6 is sticks 2 is a show 7 is heaven 3 is a tree 8 is a gate 4 is a door 9 is a lion 5 is a hive 10 is a hen Learn 10 unrelated items by using association of mental images Advantage you can recall items backwards & forward Disadvantage limited to 10 items LECTURE 4-PSY101 20 IMPROVING DEPOSITING Loci (House Method) Mnemonic method that associates locations along a familiar path with items to be remembered Successful with about 20 items LECTURE 4-PSY101 21 IMPROVING DEPOSITING 1st step - walk through your house or a familiar location & assign a number to each piece of furniture or fixture that you pass 2nd step - overlearn the locations just as you overlearned the list in the pegword method 3rd step - associate each item on the list to be memorized with a location LECTURE 4-PSY101 22 IMPROVING RETRIEVAL Have you ever had an answer or a name “on the tip of your tongue”? Failure to retrieve information that you once deposite Although the deposit was successful, you are experiencing a problem in locating & picking up the memory Free association Following a sequence of associated, spontaneous personal thoughts On the other hand, slight changes in appearance can make retrieval difficult LECTURE 4-PSY101 23 FORGETTING Why do we forget? possible that you are not aware that the event occurred • Your sensory register may not have retrieved the input although you experienced something, you never processed it into short-term & long-term memory items or events have been stored in long-term memory but are now difficult to retrieve LECTURE 4-PSY101 24 Reasons for forgetting Repression Amnesia Distortion Fading from Disuse Interference Drugs LECTURE 4-PSY101 25 REPRESSION Forgetting that is caused by unconscious blocking of thoughts or events that are threatening or frightening Having difficulty recalling an unpleasant happening is a type of repression Freud a way of protecting yourself from remembering things that are distressing Remain buried in the unconscious & can be revealed only through hypnosis or dreams Repression only applies to highly unpleasant emotional experiences LECTURE 4-PSY101 26 SUPPRESSION Consciously & intentionally avoiding unpleasant thoughts & memories LECTURE 4-PSY101 Unfortunately, suppressing the painful thoughts does not remove the emotional side effects which may include excessive fears, phobias & depression 27 AMNESIA Loss of memory or a memory gap that includes forgetting personal information that would normally be recalled. Amnesia victims Forget who they are Retain basic memories How to add Read Where they are from Almost all other personal information LECTURE 4-PSY101 Write Dress Cook 28 FADING & DISTORTION Memories will fade with time if they are not used People often forget valuable information & remember things that are totally useless Several experiments Memories can become distorted with time New memory materials changes to conform with information that was previously learned As additional material is learned, old information becomes incorporated LECTURE 4-PSY101 29 INTERFERENCE You forget because other information interferes with your remembering 2 types of obstructions: Proactive Interference (acting forward) forgetting that occurs because of confusion with previously learned material LECTURE 4-PSY101 Retroactive Interference (acting backwards) forgetting that occurs because of confusion with newly learned material 30 POSITIONS Young children have no difficulty singing the 1st line of the alphabet song “A, B, C, D” & enjoy ending with a robust “X, Y, Z” The middle part of the song creates confusion Little difficulty remembering the 1st part because of a primary effect for the 1st part you learn, you will not be bothered by any proactive interference The last items learned are also easier to remember They are fresh in your mind & not bothered by retroactive interference (recency effect) LECTURE 4-PSY101 31 DRUGS Recent studies have shown that certain drugs given in carefully controlled doses can help people remember The hormones epinephrine & norepinephrine enhance memory (McGaugh, 1983) Nicotine & caffeine speed up the incorporation of information in long-term memory Disrupted & poisoning if the dosage is not controlled “State Dependence” recall is best if you are in the same state that you were in when you learned the information LECTURE 4-PSY101 32 Thanks for your attention LECTURE 4-PSY101 33