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Waking and Sleeping
Rhythms
Waking Consciousness
 Consciousness
 our awareness
of ourselves
and our
environments
Levels of Consciousness
Preconscious
Not aware of information/memory but you
can recall it if necessary
Unconscious/subconscious
Information is not at all accessible
Freudian idea
Theories of Sleep
Restorative Theory
Why do we sleep?
Preservation and Protection Theory
(a.k.a. Adaptive Non-Responding Theory)
Why do we sleep at night?
Memory Consolidation Theory
What happens when we sleep?
Biological Components of
Sleep
Brain
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Sleep and Dreams
 Biological Rhythms
 periodic physiological fluctuations
 Circadian Rhythm
 the biological clock
 regular bodily rhythms, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature,
that occur on a 24-hr. 11 min.cycle
Sleep and Dreams
 REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
 recurring sleep stage
 vivid dreams
 “paradoxical sleep”
 muscles are generally relaxed, but other
body systems are active
 Sleep
 periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
Sleep Across the
Lifespan
Sleep and Dreams
 Measuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and
Sleep Stages
 Alpha Waves
 slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain
 Delta Waves
 large, slow waves
of deep sleep
 Hallucinations
 false sensory
experiences
Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Sleep Deprivation
 Effects of Sleep
Loss
 fatigue
 impaired
concentration
 depressed immune
system
 greater
vulnerability to
accidents
Sleep Deprivation
Less sleep,
more accidents
Accident
frequency
More sleep,
fewer accidents
2,800
2,700
4,200
2,600
4000
2,500
3,800
2,400
3,600
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
Monday before time change
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Monday after time change
Sleep Disorders
 Insomnia
 persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep
 Narcolepsy
 uncontrollable sleep attacks
 Sleep Apnea
 temporary cessation of breathing during
sleep
 momentary reawakenings
Sleep Disorders
REM sleep behavior disorder:
when a person
moves during REM sleep – this can be harmful…
Somnambulism: sleepwalking
Somniloquy: “talking in one’s sleep, with no
subsequent recall” Sullivan
Hypersomnia: “getting or needing too much sleep,
sometimes to point of impairing day to day functioning”
Sullivan
DREAMS
Do dreams have meaning?
Dream Theories
Freud’s Wish Fulfillment Theory
Activation-Synthesis Theory (Hobson &
McCarley)
Memory Consolidation Theory
Dreams: Freud
 Dreams
 sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
person’s mind
 hallucinatory imagery
 discontinuities
 incongruities
 delusional acceptance of the content
 difficulties remembering
Dreams: Freud
 Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
 wish fulfillment
 discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
 Manifest Content
 remembered story line
 Latent Content
 underlying meaning
Activation-Synthesis Theory
During REM sleep – random neural
stimulation (activation) takes place & then
our brains create a story (synthesis)…
Night Terrors and
Nightmares
 Night Terrors
Sleep
stages
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hours of sleep
7
 occur within 2 or
3 hours of falling
asleep, usually
during Stage 4
 high arousal-appearance of
being terrified
 seldom
remembered
Memory Consolidation
Our brains process information during
REM sleep
Dreams
 As Information Processing
 helps facilitate memories
 As a Physiological Function
 periodic brain stimulation
 REM Rebound
 REM sleep increases following REM
sleep deprivation
Information YOU need to
obtain from Myers/Sullivan:
 Stages of Sleep -5 stages
 What happens in each stage for how long?, Types of waves?, Types of
behaviors?
 REM Rebound & Paradoxical sleep
 Drugs
 Differences between categories – example: amphetamines vs. barbituates
 paradoxical effects of alcohol, addiction, tolerance, withdrawal
 Hypnosis
 What does it do and not do? Placebo Effect?
 Neo-Dissociative Theory, “the hidden observer”, post hypnotic suggestion,