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Lecture 1 – Psyco 350, B1
Winter, 2011
N. R. Brown
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 1
Outline
• Introduction
– Memory Defined
– Memory in Context
• A very little bit of history
• Information Processing & the Modal Model
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 2
Memory as Everything -- I
“Memory is perhaps the most central aspect
of human thought. Any question about
human behavior, cognition, development,
and nature requires an understanding of
memory. Our memory makes us who we
are, and it is one of the most intimate parts
of ourselves… Many feel that the study of
human memory is the closest on can get
to a systematic study of the human soul.”
-- Radvansky, p. 1
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 3
Memory as Everything -- II
"we
owe to memory almost all that we have or
are;... our ideas and conceptions are its work,
and ... our everyday perceptions, thoughts and
movement is derived from this source. Memory
collects the countless phenomena of our
existence into a single whole..."
"every waking moment is full of memories. Every
thought, every learned response, every act of
recognition is based on memory. It can be
reasonably be argued that memory is the
mind.“
-- Gray
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 4
Memory as Everything – A Simple Demonstration
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 5
Memory as Everything – A Simple Demonstration
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(read &) store 1st #:
(read &) store 2nd #:
Retrieve-execute:
retrieve top ones digit:
retrieve bottom ones digit:
retrieve addition fact:
store ones sum:
retrieve-execute:
– retrieve top tens digit:
– retrieve addition fact:
– store new top tens digit:
•
•
•
•
•
•
retrieve top tens digit
retrieve bottom tens digit:
retrieve addition fact:
store tens sum
Retrieve, combine sums
State answer:
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 6
Memory is Everything
1. Name all of Canada’s provincial and territorial
capitals.
2. How many of Canada’s provincial and
territorial capitals have you visited?
3. Recall the addition problem we just solved.
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 7
Memory – Dictionary Definitions
mem·o·ry
1.The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience.
2.The act or an instance of remembering; recollection: spent the afternoon lost in memory.
3.All that a person can remember: It hasn't happened in my memory.
4.Something remembered: pleasant childhood memories.
5.The fact of being remembered; remembrance: dedicated to their parents' memory.
6.The period of time covered by the remembrance or recollection of a person or group
of persons: within the memory of humankind.
7.Biology. Persistent modification of behavior resulting from an animal's experience.
8.Computer Science.
a.A unit of a computer that preserves data for retrieval.
b.Capacity for storing information: two gigabytes of memory.
9.Statistics. The set of past events affecting a given event in a stochastic process.
10.The capacity of a material, such as plastic or metal, to return to a previous shape
after deformation.
11.Immunology. The ability of the immune system to respond faster and more
powerfully to subsequent exposure to an antigen.
-- American Heritage Dictionary
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 8
Memory – A Dictionary Definition
mem·o·ry
1.The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience.
2.The act or an instance of remembering; recollection: spent the afternoon lost in memory.
3.All that a person can remember: It hasn't happened in my memory.
4.Something remembered: pleasant childhood memories.
5.The fact of being remembered; remembrance: dedicated to their parents' memory.
6.The period of time covered by the remembrance or recollection of a person or group
of persons: within the memory of humankind.
7.Biology. Persistent modification of behavior resulting from an animal's experience.
8.Computer Science.
a.A unit of a computer that preserves data for retrieval.
b.Capacity for storing information: two gigabytes of memory.
9.Statistics. The set of past events affecting a given event in a stochastic process.
10.The capacity of a material, such as plastic or metal, to return to a previous shape
after deformation.
11.Immunology. The ability of the immune system to respond faster and more
powerfully to subsequent exposure to an antigen.
-- American Heritage Dictionary
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 9
Memory Definitions -- Psychologists
“First, memory is the location, where information
is kept…a memory store
Second, memory can refer to the thing that
holds the content of experience… a memory
trace
Third, memory is the mental process used to
acquire (learn), store, and retrieve (remember)
information of all sorts.”
-- Radvansky, p.1
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 10
Memory Definitions -- Psychologists
"Memory is .. an individual's entire store of
information and the set of processes that allow the
individual to recall and use that information when
need."
-- Gray
“Mental capacity to store and later recognize and recall
events that were previously experienced.”
-- Zimbardo
“Memory does not comprise a single entity, but rather
consists of a range of different systems that have in
common the capacity for storing information.”
– Baddeley
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 11
Memory Definition – Some Basic Points
• Memory as “container”
• Memory as “contents”
• Memory as “process”
– encoding: create contents (i.e. memory traces)
from experience
– storage: rehearse, organize/modify contents
– retrieval: accesses content
• Contents reflect prior experience
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 12
Memory in Context: Who cares about memory
research & why
• In Psychology -- (all of them):
• Outside of Psychology:
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 13
A Very Little Bit of History
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 14
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
• Father of Memory
Research
• Memory stripped of
meaning
• Inventor of the nonsense
syllable (DAX, FOZ, KIR)
• Discoverer of:
– Learning curve
– Forgetting function
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 15
Fredrick Bartlett (1850-1909)
• Impact of prior
knowledge and meaning
on memory.
• Most important ideas:
– reconstruction
– schemata
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 16
Verbal Learning
• Emerged from Behaviorism
• Focus:
– relationship between external variables and
human memory performance
– forgetting and theories of forgetting
• Approach:
– Rigorously conducted, list learning (often paired
associate) experiments
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 17
Historical Precedence
Ebbinghaus
Verbal
Learning
Behaviorism
Contemporary
Memory
Research
Bartlett
Information
Processing
Cog Psych
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 18
And Now …
Cognitive
Research
Memory
Research
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 19
Information Processing 
• Core metaphor:
human mind as serial computer
• To understand/describe computer behavior,
specify:
– hardware
– software
– available data
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 20
Information Processing
• To understand/describe human behavior,
specify:
– the cognitive architecture (hardware)
• identify components & their general function:
• characterize components in terms of:
–capacity
–speed
–accuracy
– a cognitive task analysis (software & data)
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 21
Information Processing
Cognitive Task Analysis (software & data):
• What are the mental operations required to perform a
task?
• How are the operations sequenced?
• What information is involved in task?
• How is the information accessed?
• How is it represented?
• How is it altered during the processing?
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 22
A Simple Computer Architecture
• Input
devices/registers
• Active memory and
processing
• Inactive (but
accessible) memory
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 23
Modal Model of Memory
• The standard model of memory
• Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
• Four components
– Sensory registers
– Short-term memory
– Long-term memory
– Control processes
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 24
Modal Model of Memory
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 25
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 26
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 27
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 28
Modal Model: Component Functions
1. Sensory stores:
function: buffers sensory input for selection and identification
2. Short-term Memory
function: temporal storage during processing
3. Long-term Memory
function: store declarative & procedural knowledge
declarative -- knowing that
procedural -- knowing how
4. Attention
function: Selection and transfer from sensory stores
Maintenance of information in STM
Selection and scheduling of tasks
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 29
Multiple (Long-term) Memory Systems
• Long-term memory involves several subcomponents
• Different memory systems for different types of
information
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 30
Multiple Memory Systems
• Memory
– Declarative Memory (explicit memory)
• Semantic memory
–“permanent,” decontextualized knowledge
• Episodic memory
–“forgettable” event memories
– Nondeclarative memory (implicit memory)
• Procedural memory
• Classical conditioning
• Priming
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 31
Memory as Everything – A Simple Demonstration
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(read &) store 1st #:
(read &) store 2nd #:
Retrieve-execute:
retrieve top ones digit:
retrieve bottom ones digit:
retrieve addition fact:
store ones sum:
retrieve-execute:
– retrieve top tens digit:
– retrieve addition fact:
– store new top tens digit:
•
•
•
•
•
•
retrieve top tens digit
retrieve bottom tens digit:
retrieve addition fact:
store tens sum
Retrieve, combine sums
State answer:
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 32
[84]
blue = WM
[57]
[2-digit addition strategy] red = procedural
[4]
memory
[7]
[4+7=11]
green = semantic
[1]
memory
[carry operation]
[8]
[8+1=9]
[9]
[9]
[5]
[9+5=14]
[14_]
[14; 1  141]
“141”
Memory is Everything
1. Name all of Canada’s provincial and territorial
capitals.
2. How many of Canada’s provincial and
territorial capitals have you visited?
3. Recall the addition problem we just solved.
Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 33