Download Name the Seven Dwarves

Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
•Whether you like Disney movies
•how long ago you watched the movie
•how loud the people are around you when
you are trying to remember
As you might have guessed, the next topic
we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarves
exercise?
The Memory process
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
Encoding
• The processing of information into the
memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
Storage
• The retention of encoded material over
time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Retrieval
• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven
dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy
Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy
Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful
Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop
Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach
Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy
Stubby Poopy
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory
exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
• With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the
blank tests).
• With recognition- you must identify the
target from possible targets (multiple-choice
tests).
• Which is easier?
Flashbulb Memory
• A clear moment
of an emotionally
significant
moment or event.
Where were you when?
1. You heard about 9/11
2. You heard about the
death of a family member
3. During the OJ chase
Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory:
• Short-Term Memory
• Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
• The immediate, initial recording of sensory
information in the memory system.
• Stored just for an instant, and most gets
unprocessed.
Examples:
•You lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you
hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You
should be able to remember what was said just before the key word
since it is in your sensory register.
•Your ability to see motion can be attributed to sensory memory. An
image previously seen must be stored long enough to compare to
the new image. Visual processing in the brain works like watching
a cartoon -- you see one frame at a time.
•If someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the
words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the
sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively
unprocessed sensory memory.
Short-Term Memory
• Memory that holds a few items briefly.
• Seven digits (plus of minus two).
• The info will be stored into long-term or
forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Rehearsal
You must repeat things over
and over to put them into
your long-term memory.
Working Memory
(Modern day STM)
•
•
Another way of describing the use of
short-term memory is called working
memory.
Working-Memory has three parts:
1. Audio
2. Visual
3. Integration of audio and visual (controls
where you attention lies)
Long-Term Memory
• The relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system.
Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
Getting the information in our
heads!!!!
Two ways to encode information
• Automatic Processing
• Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing
• Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
• You encode space, time and word meaning
without effort.
• Things can become automatic with practice.
For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk, you
will encode the meaning of what I am saying to
you without any effort.
Effortful Processing
• Encoding that requires attention and
conscious effort.
• Rehearsal is the most common effortful
processing technique.
• Through enough rehearsal, what was
effortful becomes automatic.
Things to remember about Encoding
1. The next-In-Line effect: we seldom
remember what the person has just said or
done if we are next.
2. Information minutes before sleep is
seldom remembered; in the hour before
sleep, well remembered.
3. Taped info played while asleep is
registered by ears, but we do not
remember it.
Spacing Effect
• We encode better
when we study or
practice over
time.
• DO NOT
CRAM!!!!!
Take out a piece of paper and….
List the U.S. Presidents
The Presidents
Washington
J.Adams
Jefferson
Madison
Monroe
JQ Adams
Jackson
Van Buren
Harrison
Tyler
Polk
Taylor
Fillmore
Pierce
Buchanan
Lincoln
A.Johnson
Grant
Hayes
Garfield
Arthur
Cleveland
Harrison
Cleveland
McKinley
T.Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Harding
Coolidge
Hoover
FD.Roosevelt
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
L.Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
Bush
Clinton
Bush Jr.
Dean
Serial Positioning Effect
• Our tendency to recall best the last and
first items in a list.
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it
would probably look something like this.
Encoding exercise
Types of Encoding
• Semantic Encoding: the encoding
of meaning, like the meaning of
words
•Acoustic Encoding: the encoding
of sound, especially the sounds of
words.
•Visual Encoding: the encoding of
picture images.
Which type works best?
Self-Reference Effect
• An example of how we
encode meaning very
well.
• The idea that we
remember things (like
adjectives) when they
are used to describe
ourselves.
Peg-word system
Tricks to Encode
• Use imagery: mental pictures
Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my
“peg word” system or….
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Give me some more examples….
Chunking
• Organizing items
into familiar,
manageable units.
• Often it will occur
automatically.
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you? Chunk- from Goonies
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?