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ERUPTION OF INDONESIA’S SINABUNG VOLCANO PROMPTS EVACUATIONS June 13-15, 2015 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland), or movement along subduction zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim and Indonesia). GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ACTIVE VOLCANOES INDONESIA http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Krakatau.html SINABUNG VOLCANO ERUPTS: JUNE 15, 2015 SINABUNG VOLCANO ERUPTS: JUNE 15, 2015 INDONESIANS KNOW THAT IT’STIME TO EVACUATE • 2,700 evacuated from villages in Sumatra as ash, rock fragments, and volcanic gases continue to be emitted. RISK ASSESSMENT •HAZARD MAPS •INVENTORY •VULNERABILITY •LOCATION ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION COMMUNITY POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS •PREPAREDNESS •PROTECTION •EMERGENCY RESPONSE •RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • • • • VERTICAL PLUME ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • LAVA FLOWS • LAHARS • EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) • “VOLCANIC WINTER” CAUSES OF RISK LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS CASE HISTORIES VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES EXAMPLES OF PAST VOLCANO-RELATED DISASTERS WHAT MAKES A VOLCANO ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS • Location and a large explosivity index (VEI) combine to make some volcanoes especially dangerous. LOCATION NEAR CITIES MAKES SOME VOLCANOES VERY DANGEROUS An eruption at some locations is certain to be devastating to people, their property, their health, the community infrastructure, the environment, and the economy. MOUNT MERAPI: INDONESIA INDONESIA’S MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED IN MAY & JUNE, 2006 • Mount Merapi emitted lava, debris, and a pyroclastic flow on May 15, but this one was not devastating. EXPLOSIVENESS OF JUNE 8 ERUPTION SENT 15,000 FLEEING LESSON: TIMELY, REALISTIC DISASTER SCENARIOS SAVE LIVES • The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of the risks associated with the potential disaster agents of ash, rock fragments, gases, and lahars will survive. LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE SAVES LIVES • First Responders know that “Uncontrollable and Unthinkable” events will always hinder the timing of emergency response operations, especially the search and rescue operations, that are urgently needed during “the golden 48 hours.” LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES • The local community’s capacity for emergency health care (i,e., coping with damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality) is vital for survival. LESSON: ENGINEERED BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES • Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from a volcanic eruption’s hazards that is vital for protecting people, property, and infrastructure from death, injury, damage, and loss of function. LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID • The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure volcaniceruption-disaster resilience. •MONITORING •HAZARD MAPS •INVENTORY •VULNERABILITY •LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK YOUR BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE COMMUNITY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONE DISASTER RESILIENCE HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS •PREPAREDNESS •PROTECTION •EM RESPONSE •RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY