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Key Concepts Factors influencing weather Factors influencing climate Effect of climate on distribution of biomes Characteristics of major biome types Biogeography: Climate, Biomes, and Terrestrial Biodiversity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 6 http://www.waverly-shellrock.k12.ia.us/srhigh/Departments/Science/APES/LivingWorldUnit_files/frame.htm Continental Shift • http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/pange a_4.htm • http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/fl ash/2_1.swf • (http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/f lash/2_6.swf) • http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/plates 1.htm • http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vi d_plateintro/ Convergent Plate Boundary • Places where plates crash or crunch together are called convergent boundaries. • Earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains are often associated with this type of plate boundary • Ex) This is how the Andes formed Divergent Plate Boundary • Places where plates are coming apart are called divergent boundaries. • When Earth's brittle surface layer (the lithosphere) is pulled apart, it typically breaks along parallel faults that tilt slightly outward from each other. As the plates separate along the boundary, the block between the faults cracks and drops down into the soft, plastic interior (the asthenosphere). • The sinking of the block forms a central valley called a rift. Magma (liquid rock) seeps upward to fill the cracks. In this way, new crust is formed along the boundary. Earthquakes occur along the faults, and volcanoes form where the magma reaches the surface. Transform Boundary (Faults) • Places where plates slide past each other are called transform boundaries. • The plates on either side of a transform boundary are merely sliding past each other and not tearing or crunching each other. • Ex) San Andreas Fault Additional Links • http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/plates 2.htm • Ocean Floor Spreading • World in 50 Million Years • http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_int _tectonic/ • http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_int _boundaries/ • http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vi d_wegener1/ Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction • Weather – current conditions or physical properties in the Troposphere, the lowest level of atmosphere. Include (1) temperature, (2) pressure, (3) humidity, (4) precipitation, (5) sunshine, (6) cloud cover, and (7) wind direction and speed • Front – boundary between two air masses with different temperatures and densities • Warm front – boundary between warm air mass advancing on cold • Cold front – leading edge of advancing cold air mass • High & Low pressure air masses Fig. 6-2 p. 111 Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction cont. • Wind – always blows from high pressure to low pressure regions • Wind - regulates global temperatures, transports nutrients; transports harmful pesticides, toxic metals, viruses, bacteria, fungi (coral reef killer), algae (red tides) Hurricanes (Cyclones) Hurricanes Hurricanes – extreme tropical storms that occur in Atlantic ocean. These storms are called typhoons in the Pacific ocean and cyclones in the Indian ocean. Rising winds exit from the storm at high altitudes. The calm central eye usually is about 24 kilometers (15 miles) wide. Gales circle the eye at speeds of up to 320 kilometers (200 miles) per hour. Moist surface winds spiral in towards the center of the storm Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction cont. Tornadoes – occurs when there are violent updrafts and downdrafts. http://esminfo.prenhall.com/scie nce/geoanimations/animations/Tor nadoes.html http://access.ncsa.illinois.edu/Stori es/supertwister/tornado/tubecone_ popup.htm Climate Climate – general weather over long period of time Average Temperature Average Precipitation Regional climates are effected by Global Air Circulation caused by: (1) uneven heating of Earth’s surface, (2) seasonal changes in T & P, (3) rotation of the Earth (coriolis effect), (4) long term variation in solar energy, and (5) Properties of air and water See Fig. 6-4 p. 124 Fig. 6-6 p. 115 Seasons http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/01_ EarthSun_E2.html Seasonal variations affected by tilt of Earth’s axis Long term climate variations affected by wobble of Earth’s axis (22,000 year cycle) and change in tilt ranging from 24.5º to 22.1º every 44,000 years. Fig. 6-8 p. 116 Air Circulation – Hadley Cells Fig. 6-9 b & c p. 117 Fig. 6-11 p. 118 AP Env. Sci. October 19 • • • • • • 1) Turn in Plate Tectonics Lab 2) Finish Notes on Weather 3) Climatograph Activity – Use Computers 4) Research Biomes Project 5) HW: Quiz on Weather and Plate Tectonics 6) Return test on Units 3 & 4 AP Env. Sci. October 20 • • • • • • 1) Turn in Plate Tectonics Lab 2) Finish Notes on Weather 3) Review Climograph Activities 4) Video on Biomes 5) HW: Quiz on Weather and Plate Tectonics 6) Test Corrections – Units 1 & 2 (in class only) Short-Term Climate Changes: ENSO El Nino-Southern Oscillation: 1) prevailing westerly winds weaken, 2) surface water along N. and S. American coasts becomes warmer, 3) upwellings suppressed causing sharp decline in some fish species; causes major weather changes that can impact an area for several years, 4) E. to W. currents slow and sometimes reverse to W. to E. Fig. 6-14 p. 119 La Nina La Nina: cooling counterpart to El Nino; More hurricanes, colder winters in Canada/N.E., warmer/drier winters in S.E and S.W., wetter winters in Pacific N.W., torrential rains in S.E. Asia, lower wheat yields Argentina, more wildfires Florida . Temperature/Change (°F) +3 +2 1982–83 El Niño conditions La Niña conditions 1997–98 +1 0 -1 -2 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 Year 1980 1985 1990 Fig. 6-14 2000 p. 119 2005 1995 AP Env. Sci. October 21 • • • • • 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Quiz on Weather, Climate, & Atmosphere Video on Owls Begin Notes on Biomes Test Corrections – Units 1 & 2 (in class only) Tomorrow: Owl Pellet Lab Animation • http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimat ions/animations/26_NinoNina.html Greenhouse Effect UV converted to IR (heat) by H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs; natural effect enhanced by humans. Alters precipitation patterns, shifts crop areas, raises average sea levels, shifts habitats. Fig. 6-17 p. 121 Rain Shadow Effect Microclimates Fig. 6-19 p. 122 Biomes: Climate and Life on Land Relationship between latitude and altitude Succulent plants Evergreen plants Deciduous plants Coniferous plants Biomes: Latitude and Altitude Fig. 6-22 p. 124 Refer to Fig. 6-20 p. 123 Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems of the World Good Website for Biomes • http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes /index.php Desert Biomes Forest Biomes Tropical deserts Temperate Deserts Cold Deserts Refer to Fig. 6-25 p. 127 Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes Tropical grasslands Temperate grasslands Polar grasslands (Arctic tundra) Permafrost Alpine tundra Chaparral Refer to Figs. 6-29, 6-30, and 6-32 pp. 130-133 Tropical rainforest Tropical deciduous forest Temperate deciduous forest Evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest) Temperate rain forest Refer to Figs. 6-34, 6-37, 6-38, and 6-40 pp. 135-140 Mountain Biomes Mimic latitude Snow line Islands of biodiversity Overview of Chapter 6 • Earth’s Major Biomes – Tundra, Boreal Forests, Temperate Rainforest, Temperate Deciduous Forests, Grasslands, Chaparral, Deserts, Savanna, & Tropical Rainforests – Vertical Zonation • Aquatic Ecosystems – Freshwater ecosystems – Estuaries • Marine Ecosystems • Interaction of Life Zones and Humans Earth’s Major Biomes http://daac.ornl.gov/NPP/npp_home.shtml# • Biome – A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with a similar climate soil, plants, and animals, regardless of where it occurs in the world – Nine major biomes • Location of each biome is primarily determined by: – Temperature (varies with both latitude and elevation) – Precipitation • Biomes can also be defined by – Winds, rapid temperature changes, fires, floods, etc. Map of Biomes Tundra • Treeless biome in the far north with harsh, cold winters and extremely short summers • Precipitation – 10-25 cm/yr • Temperature – Short growing season – 50-160 days Tundra • Nutrient poor soils with little organic material – Permafrost present • Low species richness – Veg is mostly grasses and sedges – Very simple food web • Low primary productivity Boreal Forests (Taiga) • A region of coniferous forests in the northern hemisphere – Just south of tundra • Covers 11% of earth’s land • Growing Season – A little longer than tundra • Precipitation – ~ 50 cm/yr Boreal Forests (Taiga) • Soils are acidic and mineral poor • Vegetation comprised of drought resistant conifers – White spruce – Balsam fir – Eastern larch • Mostly small animals and migrating birds • Some large animals are present – Wolves, bear, moose Temperate Rainforest • Coniferous biome with cool weather, dense fog and high precipitation – Ex: Northwest US • Precipitation – > 127 cm/yr – Heaviest in winter • Temperature – Winters are mild – Summers are cool Temperate Rainforest • Soils are nutrient-poor, but high in organic material (dropped needles) – Cool temperatures slow decomposition • Dominant Vegetation – Large evergreen trees – Old-growth forest • Variety of cool climate animal life • Very high species richness • Heavily logged Temperature Deciduous Forests • Forest biome that occurs in temperate areas with a moderate amount of precipitation • Precipitation – 75-150 cm/yr • Temperature – Seasonality – Hot summers and cold winters Temperate Deciduous Forest • Topsoil is rich in organic material and underlain by clay • Vegetation is primarily deciduous – Oak, maple, beech • Animals – Deer, bear and small animals • Most of this biome land area has been regenerated after farming & timber harvest Grassland • Grasslands with hot summers, cold winters and too little precipitation to support trees • Precipitation – 25-75 cm/yr • Tall grass prairies • Short grass prairies • 90% of this biome has been lost to farmland Grassland • Soil has thick, organic material rich organic horizon • Periodic fires keep the dominant vegetation grasses • Animals – Once covered with bison- no longer true – Smaller animals Chaparral • Also called a Mediterranean Climate – Ex: Southern California – Ex: Greece • Temperature – Mild, moist winters – Hot, dry summers • Frequent fires Chaparral • Soil is thin and often not fertile • Vegetation – Dense growth of evergreen shrubs – Lush during the growing season • Animals – Mule deer, chipmunks, many species of birds Deserts • Biome where lack of precipitation limits plant growth • Temperature – Can very greatly in 24-hr period, as well as yearly (based on location) • Precipitation – < 25 cm/yr Deserts • Soils low in nutrients and high in salts • Vegetation sparse – cactus and sagebrush • Animals are very small to regulate temperature Savanna • Tropical grassland with widely scattered trees • Temperature – Varies little throughout the year • Precipitation – Seasons regulated by precipitation, not temperature – 76-150 cm/yr Savanna • Soil low in nutrients due to leaching • Vegetation – Wide expanses of grass – Occasional Acacia trees – Have fire adaptive characteristics • Animals – Herds of hoofed animals – Large predatorslions, hyenas, etc. Tropical Rainforest • Lush, species-rich biome that occurs where climate is warm and moist throughout the year • Precipitation – 200-450 cm/yr • Very productive biome • Most species-rich biome Tropical Rainforest • Ancient, weathered, nutrient-poor soil – Nutrients tied up in vegetation, not soil • Vegetation – 3 distinct canopy layers • Animals – Most abundant insect, reptiles and amphibians on earth