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(1) At age < 50 Myr, the data is somewhat below the theory and scattered. This is due to hydrothermal circulation of sea water that occurs in the fracture and cracks in oceanic crust. Hightemperature (~500 ℃) vents (black smokers) have been observed in the vicinity of the ridges. (2) At age > 80 Myr, the observed surface heat flux is above the theory. The difference can be attributed to additional heat transfer to the base of the lithosphere. Heat sources include the secondary convection beneath the lithosphere associated with mantle plumes or subduction and viscous dissipation in the asthenospheric shear flow. The End