Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Air well (condenser) wikipedia , lookup
Geomorphology wikipedia , lookup
Water quality wikipedia , lookup
Surface runoff wikipedia , lookup
Marine geology of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay wikipedia , lookup
Freshwater environmental quality parameters wikipedia , lookup
Large igneous province wikipedia , lookup
Unit 2 Physical Geography Types of Landforms Landforms ARCHIPELAGO an expanse of water with many scattered islands BAY an inlet of the sea or other body of water usually smaller than a gulf CANYON Large crack in the earth formed by a river or earthquakes The largest ones were created by moving water CAPE an extension of land jutting out into water as a peninsula DELTA low, water land that is formed at the mouth of a river GULF a part of an ocean or sea extending into the land HILL a mound of raised land that is smaller than a mountain ISLAND an area of land that is completely surrounded by water ISTHMUS a narrow strip of land that connects two large areas of land PENINSULA a strip of land that extends out into a body of water PLAINS a large area of flat land PLATEAU a large area of flat land that is raised higher than the land around it Mountain a large, tall, rocky area of land that comes up out of the earth’s surface STRAIT a narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two large areas of water How Landforms Are Created Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Large moving slabs of rock slide slowly over a layer of the mantle The Theory of Continental Drift Earth ~200 million years ago Alfred Wegener’s Evidence: The presence of fossils only over small areas of now separate continents PLATE TECTONICS 1.Divergence 2.Convergence A. Subduction 3.Transform DIVERGENCE Divergence Sea-Floor Spreading Process where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge CONVERGENCE CONVERGENCE Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas CONVERGENCE ZONE CONVERGENCE ZONE SUBDUCTION SUBDUCTION One of the crusts has to be Oceanic Transform Transform No mountains are created What are Hot Spots??? Volcanoes are formed by: - Subduction - Hotspots What are Hotspot Volcanoes? • Hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate The Hawaiian island chain are examples of hotspot volcanoes. Volcanism is an internal force that can create new landforms Pacific Ring of Fire Shows plate tectonic boundaries Shows the South American and Nazca plates colliding Hawaii was formed by volcanic activity Weathering and Erosion Weathering • Breakdown of rock at or near the earth’s surface • 2 types of weathering – Mechanical – Chemical Mechanical Weathering: no change in chemical composition--just disintegration into smaller pieces Mechanical Weathering • Types of Mechanical weathering – – – – Frost heaving and Frost wedging Plant roots Burrowing of animals Temperature changes Frost Wedging: water freezes in a crack and breaks it apart (MOST COMMON TYPES OF MECHANICAL) Frost Heaving Plant Roots Temperature Changes Chemical Weathering: breakdown as a result of chemical reactions CaCO3+CO2+H2O ---> Ca2+ + 2HCO3- Chemical Weathering • The agents of chemical weathering – WATER – Acid rain Water Acid Rain • Compounds from burning coal, oil and gas react with water forming acids. 1908 1969 Acid rain has eaten away this limestone statue . Erosion The movement of weathered materials by water, wind, or glaciers Water Erosion Wind Erosion • picks up small particles and blasts large rocks, cutting and shaping the rock. Wind Erosion Erosion by Glaciers Glaciers can create lakes as they melt