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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 THE DYNAMIC EARTH • SECTION 1: THE GEOSPHERE VOCABULARY • • • • • • • • GEOSPHERE CRUST MANTLE CORE LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE TECTONIC PLATE EROSION THE COMPOSITION OF EARTH • The Earth is composed of 3 major layers • Crust: less than 1% of earth’s mass, outer layer • Mantle: middle layer, makes up 64% of earth’s mass • Core: inner most layer, radius of 3,400 km • 245 mya all land on Earth was joined in super continent Pangea THE STRUCTURE OF EARTH • 5 LAYERS • Lithosphere: divided into huge tectonic plates • Asthenosphere: slightly fluid layer beneath lithosphere…tectonic plates float on it • Mesosphere: “middle” sphere • Outer Core: made of liquid nickel and iron • Inner Core: solid nickel and iron DISCUSSION • WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT ALL THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH MOVE EXCEPT THE CORE? • WHY IS IT THAT THE CORE AND THE CRUST ARE THE ONLY SOLID LAYERS ON THE EARTH? • WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? PLATE TECTONICS • Most of the geologic activity that happens on Earth occurs here • Plates are constantly moving on Earth’s surface • Separate…volcanoes • Collide…mountains • Slip…earthquakes Recent Quakes • http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/rece nteqsww/ EROSION • CAUSED BY WIND AND WATER • RIVERS AND OCEANS CAN CAUSE DRAMATIC CHANGES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE • WIND CHANGES SOIL LEVELS – IF THERE ARE NO PLANTS TO HOLD SOIL DOWN WITH ROOTS, THEN SOIL BLOWS AWAY • SECTION 2: THE ATMOSPHERE VOCABULARY • • • • • • • • ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE OZONE RADIATION CONDUCTION CONVECTION GREENHOUSE EFFECT COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE • 78% Nitrogen…comes from volcano eruption and plant/animal decay • 21% Oxygen….comes from plant production • 1% Other Gases…Argon, CO2, Methane, and Water Vapor • Also contains dust….dirt, salt, ash, skin, etc. • AIR PRESSURE: caused by gravity pulling atmosphere toward surface of Earth – How does air pressure change as the elevation change? LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE • TROPOSPHERE: layer nearest earth surface, almost all weather occurs in this layer • STRATOSPHERE: above troposphere, contains the ozone layer (protects us from UV rays) • MESOSPHERE: coldest layer of atmosphere • THERMOSPHERE: layer farthest away from earth surface, extremely high temperatures, first layer of defense against solar radiation ENERGY IN ATMOSPHERE • CONDUCTION transfers heat from object to object and CONVECTION carries the heat in waves around the planet – Hot air rises….cold air sinks…causes weather • Solar energy heats the atmosphere…dark colors absorb heat, light colors reflect it • Air is constantly moving up and down due to convection currents GREENHOUSE EFFECT • The gas in our atmosphere lets heat in, but not out….like a car and its windows • Some heat will escape the atmosphere, but most is absorbed by GREENHOUSE GASSES • SECTION 3: • THE HYDROSPHERE AND BIOSPHERE VOCABULARY • • • • • • • • • WATER CYCLE EVAPORATION CONDENSATION PRECIPITATION SALINITY FRESH WATER BIOSPHERE CLOSED SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM THE HYDROSPHERE & WATER CYCLE • HYDROSPHERE – includes all water on or near earth surface • WATER CYCLE – constant motion of water into air, onto land and back again • Evaporation, condensation & precipitation are 3 main steps EARTH’S OCEANS • • • • 1 of 2 ALL OCEANS ARE CONNCETED Make up 70% of Earth’s surface Largest is the Pacific…Smallest is the Arctic Ocean water is high in salt content…comes from rocks and volcanic eruptions • The deeper you go in the ocean the colder it gets….WHY? • Oceans are a temperature regulator • Absorbs and stores energy from the sun • Absorbs over ½ of the solar radiation that reaches the surface • Ocean currents are responsible for localized weather • If an area has warm ocean currents then they will have warmer weather • If an area has cool/cold ocean currents then they will have cool/cold weather FRESH WATER & GROUND WATER • Little more than 3% of water on earth is fresh water…mostly locked up in icecaps and glaciers • Made up of river systems…interconnected rivers and tributaries • Precipitation sinks into ground and collects as ground water in rock layers called AQUIFERS THE BIOSPHERE • Earth compared to apple…biosphere compared to apple skin…small layer of Earth that actually supports life • Biosphere located near Earth’s surface because most of sunlight is available at Earth’s surface ENERGY FLOW IN BIOSPHERE • CLOSED SYSTEM: energy enters environment, matter does not • Earth mostly closed system to matter, but open system to energy • FOOD CHAINS/WEBS • OPEN SYSTEM: both matter and energy are exchanged