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The Chemistry of Matter
Abel’s Elements To Know
Quick Facts
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Atomic Number = number of protons
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298 K = room temperature (25o C)
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These are some of the most common or
useful or interesting elements on Earth.
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Atomic Number: 1
Standard state:
gas at 298 K (the
lightest gas
known)
Colour: colourless
Facts: highly
flammable, makes
up 90% of
universe by
weight
Hydrogen
Helium
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Atomic Number: 2
Standard state: gas at 298 K
Colour: colourless
Facts: unreactive Noble gas,
2nd most abundant element in
universe
Lithium
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Atomic Number: 3
Standard state: solid at 298 K
Colour: silvery
Facts: mixed w/aluminum & magnesium for lightweight alloys; also used in batteries, greases,
glasses, and in medicine.
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Atomic Number: 4
Standard state: solid
at 298 K
Colour: silvery
Facts: high melting
point. At ordinary
temperatures,
beryllium resists
oxidation in air. Cpds
are very toxic; ability
to scratch glass.
Aquamarine and
emerald are precious
forms of the mineral
beryl.
Beryllium
Boron
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Atomic Number: 5
Standard state: solid
at 298 K
Colour: silvery-black
Facts: semiconductor;
chemically closer to
silicon than to
aluminium, gallium,
indium, and thallium.
Crystalline boron is
inert chemically and
resistant to attack by
boiling HF or HCl.
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Atomic Number: 6
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: several
forms, including
gray graphite and
clear diamond
Facts: component of
all cells; present in
atmosphere &
dissolved in all
natural waters;
component of many
rocks
Carbon
Nitrogen
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Atomic Number: 7
Standard state:
gas at 298 K
Colour: colourless
Facts: makes up
~78% of Earth’s
atmosphere; its
compounds are
vital components
of foods, fertilizers,
and explosives.
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Atomic Number: 8
Standard state: gas
at 298 K
Colour: colourless
(pale blue as liquid,
right)
Facts: highly
reactive; required
for respiration and
most combustion;
ozone is O3
Oxygen
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Atomic Number: 9
Standard state: gas at
298 K
Colour: pale yellow gas
Facts: most reactive of
all elements; highly
toxic; corrosive gas
which reacts with
practically all organic
and inorganic
substances (including
Noble gases xenon,
radon, and krypton).
Fluorine
Neon
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Atomic Number: 10
Standard state: gas at
298 K
Colour: colourless
Facts: very inert
element; in vacuum
discharge tube, neon
glows reddish orange
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Sodium
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Atomic
Number: 11
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: silvery
white metal
Facts: essential
to animal
nutrition;
component of
table salt
(halite)
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Atomic
Number: 12
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour:
grayish-white
metal
Facts:
chlorophylls
are based upon
magnesium.
Magnesium
Aluminum
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Atomic Number: 13
Standard state: solid
at 298 K
Colour: silvery-white
metal
Facts: light,
nonmagnetic,
nonsparking; easily
formed, machined,
and cast; not found
free in nature (refined
from bauxite ore)
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Atomic Number: 14
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: dark gray
semi-metallic
Facts: makes up
~25% of Earth’s
crust by weight,
second most
abundant element
on Earth, used in
computers as semiconductor
Silicon
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Phosphorus
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Atomic Number: 15
Standard state: solid
at 298 K
Colour: non-metallic,
colourless/red/silvery
-white
Facts: essential
component of
nervous tissue,
bones and cell
protoplasm;
insoluble in water;
spontaneously
catches fire in air.
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Atomic Number: 16
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: nonmetallic lemon
yellow
Facts: brittle,
insoluble in water;
component of
sulfuric acid (most
impt. manufactured
chemical in world)
Sulfur
Chlorine
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Atomic Number: 17
Standard state: gas at
298 K
Colour: greenish
yellow
Facts: combines
directly with nearly all
elements; commonly
found as halite (table
salt); used to produce
safe drinking water
Argon
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Atomic Number: 18
Standard state: gas at
298 K
Colour: colourless
Facts: odourless gas
present to very small
extent in atmosphere. Is
very inert, not known to
form true chemical
compounds. Makes
good atmosphere for
working w/air-sensitive
materials since it is
heavier than air and less
reactive than N2.
Potassium
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Atomic Number: 19
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: silvery
white
Facts: 7th most
abundant element
of Earth’s crust;
essential for plant,
animal growth;
never found free in
nature
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Atomic Number: 20
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: silvery
metal
Facts: 5th most
abundant element
in Earth’s crust;
essential to plant &
animal growth;
commonly found in
limestone, gypsum,
& fluorite (not
found alone)
Calcium
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Atomic Number: 26
Iron
Standard state: solid at 298 K
Colour: lustrous grayish metal
Facts: cheapest, most abundant, useful, &
important of all metals; component of
hemoglobin; common building material
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Atomic Number:
29
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: reddish
metal with bright
luster
Facts: malleable,
ductile, good
conductor of heat
& electricity
(second to silver);
alloys include
brass and bronze
Copper
Zinc
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Atomic Number: 30
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: bluishwhite, lustrous
metal
Facts: essential
element for growth;
used in galvanizing
(“rust-proofing”)
iron/steel and in
lightweight coins
Krypton
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Atomic Number: 36
Standard state: gas at
298 K
Colour: colourless
Facts: present in air at
about 1 ppm (also found
on Mars); in 1960,
length of meter defined
by wavelength of
Krypton-33
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Atomic Number: 47
Standard state: solid
at 298 K
Colour: brilliant
white metal
Facts: very ductile
and malleable;
excellent conductor
of heat & electricity;
used in jewelry,
photography, dental
alloys, batteries,
mirror production,
coinage
Silver
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Atomic Number: 53
Standard state: solid at
298 K
Colour: violet-dark
grey, lustrous
Facts: forms cpds with
most elements, but is
less reactive than other
halogens; exhibits
some metallic-like
properties; very useful
in medicine and
photography
Iodine
Gold
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Atomic Number: 79
Standard state: solid
at 298 K
Colour: yellow metal
Facts: most malleable
and ductile metal;
unaffected by air;
used for jewelry,
coinage, electronics,
dentistry, medical
implants, treatment of
arthritis, cancer, &
other conditions
Lead
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Atomic Number: 82
Standard state:
solid at 298 K
Colour: dull silver metal
Facts: very soft, highly malleable, ductile, relatively
poor conductor of electricity; very resistant to corrosion
but tarnishes upon exposure to air; lead pipes bearing
insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the
baths, are still in service; alloys include pewter, solder.
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Atomic Number: 86
Standard state: gas at
298 K
Colour: colourless
Facts: heaviest known
gas; second leading
cause of lung cancer in
US; main hazard is from
inhalation of radon gas
collected on dust in the
air
Radon
Uranium
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Atomic Number:
Standard state: solid
at 298 K
Colour: metallic gray
Facts: used in
nuclear power plants
and nuclear
weapons; is not
particularly rare
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Atomic Number: 95
Standard state: solid at
298 K
Colour: brilliant silvery
white
Facts: a component of
smoke detectors;
radioactive; named
after America
Americium
There are about 90 more
elements…later…