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KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
VOCABULARY
PLATE TECTONICS
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
Gravity and motions in the asthenosphere move
tectonic plates over Earth’s surface.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
Pangaea
mid-ocean ridge
convection
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
Earth’s tectonic plates. Arrows indicate the direction of
movement.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
•Plates move at very slow rates—from about one to ten
centimeters per year.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
Pangaea
•At one time in geologic history the continents were
joined together in one large landmass called Pangaea.
mid-ocean ridge
convection
convection
current
•As the plates continued to move and split apart,
oceans were formed, landmasses collided and split
apart until Earth’s landmasses came to be in the
positions they are now.
theory of plate
tectonics
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
•Evidence of these landmass collisions and splits
comes from fossils, landform shape, features, and rock
structures, along with climate change.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
Pangaea
mid-ocean ridge
•Landmass changes can occur at hot spots within
lithospheric plates.
convection
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
•Earth’s landmasses will continue to move and change
during the geologic time of the future.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
continental drift
The hypothesis that Earth’s continents move
on Earth’s surface.
Pangaea
mid-ocean ridge
convection
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
Pangaea
A hypothetical supercontinent that included all
of the landmasses on Earth. It began breaking
apart about 200 million years ago.
Pangaea
mid-ocean ridge
convection
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
mid-ocean ridge
A long line of sea-floor mountains where new
ocean crust is formed by volcanic activity along
a divergent boundary.
Pangaea
mid-ocean ridge
convection
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
convection
A process by which energy is transferred in
gases and liquids, occurring when a warmer,
less dense area of gas or liquid is pushed up
by a cooler, more dense area of the gas or
liquid.
Pangaea
mid-ocean ridge
convection
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
convection current
A circulation pattern in which material is heated
and rises in one area, then cools and sinks in
another area, flowing in a continuous loop.
Pangaea
mid-ocean ridge
convection
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
theory of plate tectonics
A theory stating that Earth’s lithosphere is
broken into huge plates that move and change
in size over time.
Pangaea
mid-ocean ridge
convection
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
New crust is formed at divergent boundaries. Features
include:
• mid-ocean ridges
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
New crust is formed at divergent boundaries. Features
include:
• mid-ocean ridges
• records of magnetic reversals
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
New crust is formed at divergent boundaries. Features
include:
• mid-ocean ridges
• records of magnetic reversals
• rift valleys
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
New crust is formed at divergent boundaries. Features
include:
• mid-ocean ridges
• records of magnetic reversals
• rift valleys
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
VISUALIZATION
CLASSZONE.COM
Explore what happens along
plate boundaries.
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
divergent boundary
•Where two plates are moving apart.
•Most are located along the midoceanic ridge (sea-floor spreading).
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
•New crust forms because magma
pushes up and hardens between
separating plates.
•Characterized by either a mid-ocean
ridge or a continental rift valley.
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
convergent boundary
•
•
•
Where two plates come together
and collide.
Activity depends upon the types of
crust that meet.
A more dense oceanic plate
slides under a less dense
continental plate or another
oceanic plate—this is called a
subduction zone, and some
crust is destroyed during this type
of activity.
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
transform boundary
•Where two plates slide past each
other.
•Crust is neither created or destroyed
at this type of boundary.
•Earthquakes occur frequently along
this type of boundary.
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
rift valley
A deep valley formed as tectonic plates move
apart, such as along a mid-ocean ridge.
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
magnetic reversal
A switch in the direction of Earth’s magnetic
field so that the magnetic north pole becomes
the magnetic south pole and the magnetic
south pole becomes the magnetic north pole.
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
hot spot
An area where a column of hot material rises
from deep within a planet’s mantle and heats
the lithosphere above it, often causing volcanic
activity at the surface.
convergent
boundary
transform
boundary
rift valley
magnetic reversal
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Plates converge or scrape past each other.
Crust is destroyed or folded at convergent boundaries.
• Subduction boundaries form island arcs, deepocean trenches, and coastal mountains.
• Collision boundaries can form mountains.
VOCABULARY
subduction
continentalcontinental
collision
oceanic-oceanic
subduction
oceaniccontinental
subduction
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
1.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Plates converge or scrape past each other.
Crust is destroyed or folded at convergent boundaries.
• Subduction boundaries form island arcs, deepocean trenches, and coastal mountains.
• Collision boundaries can form mountains.
Crust is neither formed nor destroyed at transform
boundaries.
VOCABULARY
subduction
continentalcontinental
collision
oceanic-oceanic
subduction
oceaniccontinental
subduction
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
1.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Plates converge or scrape past each other.
VOCABULARY
subduction
subduction
The process by which an oceanic tectonic
plate sinks under another plate into Earth’s
mantle.
continentalcontinental
collision
oceanic-oceanic
subduction
oceaniccontinental
subduction
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Plates converge or scrape past each other.
VOCABULARY
subduction
continental-continental collision
A boundary along which two plates carrying
continental crust push together.
continentalcontinental
collision
oceanic-oceanic
subduction
oceaniccontinental
subduction
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Plates converge or scrape past each other.
VOCABULARY
subduction
oceanic-oceanic subduction
A boundary along which a plate carrying
oceanic crust sinks beneath another plate with
oceanic crust.
continentalcontinental
collision
oceanic-oceanic
subduction
oceaniccontinental
subduction
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Plates converge or scrape past each other.
VOCABULARY
subduction
oceanic-continental subduction
A boundary along which a plate carrying
oceanic crust sinks beneath a plate with
continental crust.
continentalcontinental
collision
oceanic-oceanic
subduction
oceaniccontinental
subduction
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.5
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The landforms of Earth can be changed by volcanic
eruptions and mountain-building forces.
•http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectoni
cs/#
•http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/ani
mations/volcanoes/index.html
VOCABULARY
vocanic
eruptions
mountainbuilding forces
stresses
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.5
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The landforms of Earth can be changed by volcanic
eruptions and mountain-building forces.
Volcanic Eruptions:
•Volcanic eruptions are constructive in that
they add new rock to existing land and form new
islands.
•Magma from the mantle rises to Earth’s
surface and flows out an opening called a vent.
•Magma that reaches Earth’s surface is known
as lava.
•The vent as well as the mountain that forms
around is from the cooled lava, ash, cinders,
and rock is called a volcano.
•Most volcanoes occur along plate
boundaries;
•An area in the Pacific Ocean where volcanoes
are common is called the Ring of Fire.
VOCABULARY
vocanic
eruptions
mountainbuilding forces
stresses
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.5
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The landforms of Earth can be changed by volcanic
eruptions and mountain-building forces.
Mountain-Building Forces
•Forces or stresses (for example, tension and
compression) on rocks in the lithosphere can
cause them to bend and stretch.
•This bending and stretching can
produce mountain ranges.
•If pressure is applied slowly,
folded mountains form.
•Fast pressure=high peak
mountains (The Himalayan
Mountains)
•Slow pressure=folded mountains
(they look like a hood of a car
after a wreck, and an example are
the Appalachian Mountains.
VOCABULARY
vocanic
eruptions
mountainbuilding forces
stresses
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.5
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The landforms of Earth can be changed by volcanic
eruptions and mountain-building forces.
VOCABULARY
Stresses:
oForces or stresses (for example,
tension, compression, or shearing)
great enough to cause rocks to break
can create faults.
oThere are three types of faults.
vocanic
eruptions
mountainbuilding forces
stresses
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.5
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The landforms of Earth can be changed by volcanic
eruptions and mountain-building forces.
VOCABULARY
Normal Faults:
•Caused by tension forces.
•Happen where the
lithosphere is being
stretched.
•Usually occur at divergent
boundaries.
•If normal faults uplift a
block of rock, a fault-block
mountain forms.
vocanic
eruptions
mountainbuilding forces
stresses
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.5
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The landforms of Earth can be changed by volcanic
eruptions and mountain-building forces.
VOCABULARY
Reverse Faults:
•Caused by compression
forces.
•Causes shortening of the
crust.
•Occurs most frequently at
convergent boundaries.
vocanic
eruptions
mountainbuilding forces
stresses
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.5
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The landforms of Earth can be changed by volcanic
eruptions and mountain-building forces.
VOCABULARY
Strike-Slip Faults:
•Caused by shearing forces.
•Occur most often at
transform boundaries.
•Example of fault: the San
Andreas Fault
•http://www.iris.edu/gifs/anim
ations/faults.htm
vocanic
eruptions
mountainbuilding forces
stresses
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Earth has several layers.
I. Earth has several layers.
A. Earth is made up of materials with different
densities.
B. Earth’s layers have different properties.
1. Core, Mantle, Crust
C. The lithosphere is made up of many plates.
VOCABULARY
inner core
outer core
mantle
crust
lithosphere
asthenosphere
tectonic plate
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Continents change position over time.
II. Continents change position over time.
VOCABULARY
continental drift
A. Continents join together and split apart.
Pangaea
1. Evidence for Continental Drift
mid-ocean ridge
2. Pangaea and Continental Drift
convection
B. The theory of plate tectonics explains how
plates and their continents move.
1. Evidence from the Sea Floor
convection
current
theory of plate
tectonics
2. Causes of Plate Movement
3. Putting the Theory Together
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates move apart.
III. Plates move apart.
A. Tectonic plates have different boundaries.
B. The sea floor spreads apart at divergent
boundaries.
VOCABULARY
divergent
boundary
convergent
boundary
1. Mid-Ocean Ridges and Rift Valleys
transform
boundary
2. Sea-Floor Rock and Magnetic Reversals
rift valley
C. Continents split apart at divergent boundaries.
magnetic reversal
D. Hot spots can be used to track plate
movements.
hot spot
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
1.4
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Plates converge or scrape past each
other.
IV. Plates converge or scrape past each other.
A. Tectonic plates push together at convergent
boundaries.
1. Continental-Continental Collision
2. Oceanic-Oceanic Subduction
3. Oceanic-Continental Subduction
B. Tectonic plates scrape past each other at
transform boundaries.
VOCABULARY
subduction
continentalcontinental
collision
oceanic-oceanic
subduction
oceaniccontinental
subduction
C. The theory of plate tectonics helps geologists
today.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
CHAPTER HOME
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