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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. JAPAN. PART 2: TYPHOONS, FLOODS, AND LANDSLIDES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPAN’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE TYPHOONS FLOODS LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE JAPAN TYPHOONS THE JAPAN’S IS AT RISK EVERY YEAR FROM TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS FORMING IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN, ESPECIALLY IF THEY CAUSE DEVASTATING FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES AFTER LANDFALL TYPHOON RISK •TYPHOON HAZARDS •BLDG. INVENTORY •VULNERABILITY •LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK JAPAN’S GOAL: TYPHOON DISASTER RESILIENCE COMMUNITIES POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS •PROTECTION •EARLY WARNING •EMERGENCY RESPONSE •RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION Physics Of A Typhoon HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • WIND FIELD [CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5+ (155 mph or greater)] • DEBRIS • STORM SURGE/FLOODS • HEAVY PRECIPITATION/FLOODS • LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS) • COSTAL EROSION CAUSES OF DAMAGE WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS TYPHOONS “DISASTER LABORATORIES” STORM SURGE IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN SITING PROBLEMS FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL TYPHOONS • WITHOUT ADEQUATE PROTECTION, HIGH VELOCITY WIND WILL LIFT THE ROOF OFF OF NONENGINEERED BUILDINGS. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL TYPHOONS. • DISASTERINTELLIGENT COMMUNITIES USE TIMELY EARLY WARNING BASED ON CRITICAL INFORMATION TO EVACUATE PEOPLE AND PREPARE. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL TYPHOONS • CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE. NOTABLE PAST TYPHOONS IMPACTING JAPAN “THE WORST” Super Typhoon Vera, September 21-28, 1959 Killed 5,098; Injured 38,021 TYPHOON TALAS: AUG. 25 – SEPT. 5 2011 SUPERTYPHOON VERA With heavy storm surge, rain, and winds of 160 mph, Vera slammed into the southeastern coast of Japan in Wakayama Prefecture and then proceeded northeast across Honshū, causing widespread wind damage and flooding THE WORST IMPACTS WERE CAUSED BY HEAVY STORM SURGE AND FLOODING, ESPECIALLY IN NAGOYA CAUSES OF RISK LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FLOODS CASE HISTORIES STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER 2011 Just 6 months after the historic March 11th earthquake-tsunami TRACKS OF 2011’S TYPHOONS TYPHOON TALAS: AUG. 25 – SEPT. 5 2011 TYPHOON TALAS • Talas, which left 26 dead, was the worst to hit Japan since 2004, when 98 people were killed or reported missing. TYPHOON TALAS • One-half million were advised to evacuate to shelters • Thousands were stranded as rain washed out bridges, railways and roads and landslides blocked access TYPHOON TALAS: SEARCH AND RESCUE AFTER LANDSLIDE CAUSES OF DAMAGE SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS CASE HISTORIES SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE 2012 22 STORM TRACKS AS OF OCTOBER 21, 2012 GUCHOL: 1ST TYPHOON OF SEASON: JUNE 19, 2012 GUCHOL: A CAT I STORM • Guchol caused heightened concerns for safety at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, damaged earlier in the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami. GUCHOL: A RAINMAKER • High waves, heavy rain (9 cm/hr) and strong winds impacted the south coast of Honshu as far east as Nagoya and the Izu peninsula, southwest of Tokyo. • Evacuation advisory issued for 10,000 residents. SANBA: A SUPER TYPHOON, ENTOUTE TO LANDFALL ON KOREAN PINUNSULA JAPAN: IMPACTS OF SANBA • Heavy rain and high velocity winds impacted southwestern Japan. • The rain caused flooding and landslides. • 67,000 homes in Japan lost power. TYPHOON JELAWAT’S PATH: SEPT. 20 - OCT. 1, 2012 TYPHOON JELAWAT: SEPTEMBER 28 WIND OVERTURNED A VEHICLE IN NAHA CITY, OKINAWA The wind field that reached 300 kph when Typhoon Jelawat jumped over Okinawa decreased to 120 kph when it reached Tokyo . LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NATURAL HAZARDS • CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE. TOWARDS TYPHOON DISASTER RESILIENCE RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • COST • EXPOSURE TYPHOONS • EVENT EXPECTED LOSS • BENEFIT •CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT POLICY ADOPTION