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Rocks Oh, yeah. You rock Sedimentary Rocks Silt Happens Sedimentary Rocks • Bedrock • Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary Rocks • Bedrock is solid rock under soil and sediments • Sedimentary rocks are rocks made of sediments Sedimentary Rocks • Bedrock is solid rock under soil and sediments • Sedimentary rocks are rocks made of sediments Sediments are carried downhill with flowing water Sedimentary Rocks • There are three types of sedimentary rock: Sedimentary Rocks • There are three types of sedimentary rock: clastic, organic, and chemical Sedimentary Rocks Clastic sediments (clasts) are rock fragments From small to large: Sedimentary Rocks Clastic sediments (clasts) are rock fragments From small to large: clay, silt, sand, pebbles Sedimentary Rocks Clastic sediments (clasts) are rock fragments From small to large: clay, silt, sand, pebbles The larger the clast, the faster the water needs to be to move them. Sedimentary Rocks Clastic sediments (clasts) are rock fragments From small to large: clay, silt, sand, pebbles Mudstone Conglomerate Siltstone Sandstone Sedimentary Rocks • Precipitation—solid chemicals come out of the water they were dissolved in. • Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by precipitation Sedimentary Rocks • Precipitation • Chemical sedimentary rocks Sedimentary Rocks • Precipitation—solid chemicals come out of the water they were dissolved in. • Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by precipitation Including: • Rock salt (NaCl), limestone (calcite, CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4), dolomite (like limestone, but with Mg) Sedimentary Rocks • Organic sedimentary rocks are made from living things • Ex: Sedimentary Rocks • Organic sedimentary rocks are made from living things • Ex: Coal, peatlignitebituminous anthracite • Some limestone is organic Sedimentary Rocks • Rocks you find now indicate conditions in the past. • • • • • • Limestone— Sandstone— Coal— Conglomerates— Shale— Rock salt— Sedimentary Rocks • Rocks you find now indicate conditions in the past. • • • • • • Limestone—oceans Sandstone—beaches (or deserts) Coal—swamps Conglomerates—base of mountains Shale—mouth of rivers Rock salt—dried up sea Sedimentary Rocks • The Earth’s climate has changed • Sandstone shows dunes (or beaches) • Limestone shows warm shallow ocean. • Coal forms with warm climates --and is found in Antarctica! Sediment to Rock • Sediments can be formed by weathering • Sediments are moved by erosion; by water, wind or gravity • Sediments deposit where they are dropped • Sediments are compacted by sediments on top of them • Rock is cemented together (by minerals) Sedimentary Rocks Classifying Sedimentary Rocks • Look for type and size of sediments that formed it. (Clues: Color and texture) Igneous Rocks If you can’t take the heat, stay out of the kitchen. H. S Truman Igneous Rocks • Formed from cooled magma (melted rock) Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust Mantle and outer core are melted Igneous Rocks • Parts of the crust can be melted Igneous Rocks • (Notice the ocean floor?) The most common type of igneous rock—basalt! Igneous Rocks • Magma on the surface is called lava Igneous Rocks • We will study the motion of these lithospheric plates in the next unit Igneous Rocks • (Notice the difference in the crust?) Igneous Rocks • The slower it cools, the larger the crystals grow • Intrusive— cools inside the crust • Extrusive— cools outside the crust Igneous Rocks • The slower it cools, the larger the crystals grow • Intrusive— cools inside the crust --cools slowly • Extrusive— cools outside the crust --cools fast Igneous Rocks • The slower it cools, the larger the crystals grow • Intrusive— cools inside the crust --cools slowly —large crystals • Extrusive— cools outside the crust --cools fast —small crystals Igneous Rocks • The slower it cools, the larger the crystals grow • Intrusive— cools inside the crust --cools slowly —large crystals--rough • Extrusive— cools outside the crust --cools fast —small crystals--smoother Igneous Rocks • Q: What about a rock that cools slowly for a while, then gets exposed so it cools quickly at the end? Igneous Rocks • Q: What about a rock that cools slowly for a while, then gets exposed so it cools quickly at the end? • A: You get large crystals in a fine gray background Igneous Rocks • Vary in color due to the differences in the mineral content of the magma Light Minerals Dark Minerals Quartz Amphibole Potassium Feldspar Biotite mica Muscovite mica Pyroxene Olivine Igneous Rocks • Vary in color due to the differences in the mineral content of the magma Light Minerals Dark Minerals Quartz Amphibole Potassium Feldspar Biotite mica Muscovite mica Pyroxene Olivine Dark rocks have more of the dark minerals! Igneous Rocks • Magma varies depending on where it’s found Ocean Floor darker color denser thinner fluid less gas bubbles Continental lighter color lighter (less dense) thicker fluid more gas bubbles Igneous Rocks • Magma varies depending on where it’s found Ocean Floor darker color denser thinner fluid less gas bubbles Continental lighter color lighter (less dense) thicker fluid more gas bubbles More gas bubbles makes a more violent volcanic eruption! Igneous Rocks • Classified by color and texture • See Table on pU20 Igneous Rocks • Classified by color and texture • See Table on pU20 Continental Igneous Rocks • Types: (By color and texture) Light and Coarse—pegmatite (and granite) Light and Medium—Granite Light and Fine—rhyolite Intermediate Igneous Rocks • Types: (By color and texture) Medium and Coarse—pegmatite (and diorite) Medium and Medium—Diorite Medium and Fine—Andesite (and basalt) Oceanic Igneous Rocks • Types: (By color and texture) Dark and Coarse—pegmatite (and gabbro) Dark and Medium—Gabbro Dark and Fine—Basalt Igneous Rocks • Types: • Special: Glassy—obsidian Light and Frothy—Pumice Dark and Frothy—Scoria Very Dark—peridotite Continental—tossed into the air Igneous Rocks gasses to cool by expanding • Types: • Special: Continental —gas is trapped in the rock Glassy—obsidian Light and Frothy—Pumice Dark and Frothy—Scoria Very Dark—peridotite Oceanic Elevated Landforms Castle Rock, CO Shiprock NM Mt. Cotopaxi Ecuador Pikes Peak CO Igneous rocks are tough! Metamorphic Rock Schist Happens Metamorphic Rock • Any type of rock can be converted into metamorphic rock with enough heat and pressure Igneous Sedimentary Heat and pressure Heat and pressure Metamorphic Heat and pressure Metamorphic Rock (Too much heat melts the rock) Melting and cooling Igneous Sedimentary Melting and cooling Melting and cooling Metamorphic Metamorphic Rock • The heat and pressure can: 1) Change the mineral crystals or 2) Change the minerals themselves Metamorphic Rock • The heat and pressure can: 1) Change the mineral crystals or 2) Change the minerals themselves Metamorphism = change of form Metamorphic Rock • Regional metamorphism– • Contact metamorphism— Metamorphic Rock • Regional metamorphism– large parts of crust get buried or pushed deep into the Earth, then heated • Contact metamorphism— new magma heats small areas of old rock Metamorphic Rock • When pressure is exerted, minerals transpose (form layers). They may even foliate (split off at these layers Metamorphic Rock • Protolith—the original rock Metamorphic Rock • Protolith—the original rock • Protolith metamorphic rock Heat and pressure Metamorphic Rock • Protolith—the original rock • Protolith metamorphic rock Heat and pressure • • • • • Limestone marble Sandstone quartzite Shale slate Ign. & sed. gneiss, schist, or phyllite Basalt amphibolite Activity 3.5 The Rock Cycle • • • • Play the game (at least 30 steps) Record your steps on the sheet Answer the questions on the back Notes to follow… Melting and cooling Igneous Igneous rocks are formed when any rock is melted to magma, then cooled Melting and cooling Sedimentary Melting and cooling Metamorphic Sedimentary rocks are formed when any rock is Compaction and cementation weathered Igneous Compaction and cementation Sedimentary and eroded, then the sediments are deposited, compacted and cemented together Metamorphic Compaction and cementation Metamorphic rocks are formed when any rock is subjected to heat and pressure Igneous Sedimentary Heat and pressure Heat and pressure Metamorphic Heat and pressure The Rock Cycle Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic The Rock Cycle Melting and cooling Compaction and cementation Melting and cooling Melting and cooling Compaction and cementation Heat and pressure Heat and pressure Compaction and cementation Heat and pressure The Rock Cycle Melting and cooling Igneous Melting and cooling Compaction and cementation Compaction and cementation Melting and cooling Sedimentary Heat and pressure Heat and pressure Compaction and cementation Metamorphic Heat and pressure Rocks Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Intrusive Extrusive Metamorphic Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Intrusive Extrusive Metamorphic Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Intrusive Foliated Extrusive Nonfoliated Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Intrusive Foliated Extrusive Nonfoliated Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Intrusive Foliated Clastic Extrusive Nonfoliated Organic Chemical Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Intrusive Foliated Clastic Extrusive Nonfoliated Organic Chemical Examples? Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Intrusive Foliated Clastic Extrusive Nonfoliated Organic Chemical How did each form? Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Intrusive Foliated Clastic Extrusive Nonfoliated Organic Chemical What does each look like?
