Download 2 nd Quarter Study Guide

2nd Quarter Study Guide
•SOME STUDY IS
HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED
BY THE
MANAGEMENT
•How many layers
of the earth have
we studied?
•4
•What is the outer
later called, and
what form is it?
•Crust
•It is solid as a rock
•What is the layer
below the crust?
•The Mantle
•What form is
the mantle?
•It is pliable and
flows slowly, like
Silly Putty
•What is the layer
below the mantle,
and what is its
form?
•The outer core
is liquid
•What is the outer
core made of?
•Iron and nickel
•What is the lowest
layer and what is
its form?
•The inner core is
solid iron and
nickel
•What is the hottest
part of the earth?
•The inner core
•If it is so hot,
why is it solid?
•The pressure of the
rest of the earth
makes its molecules
squeeze tightly
together
•What part of the
earth moves the
outer plates?
•The mantle is
flowing in currents
and moves the
plates that float on
top of it
•What energy
transfer method
causes the mantle
to flow?
•CONVECTION
•Are we
allowed to
talk during the
quiz?
•NO!
• Talking may earn you an E
•What is a
divergent
boundary?
•2 plates
moving apart
•What is a
convergent
boundary?
•2 plates
moving
together
•What is a
transform
boundary?
•2 plates sliding
past each other
like 2 trains on
parallel tracks
•What is a
subduction
zone?
•The place where one
plate is sliding under
another in a
convergent
boundary
•How fast do the
plates move?
•Usually only a
centimeter or 2 per
year, but India is
clocked at 20
cm/yr
•Where is a
convergent
boundary?
•Washington
and Oregon
•Where is a
transform
boundary?
•Much of the
coast of
California
•Where is a
Divergent
boundary?
•The riff
valley in
Ethiopia
•How do we
know Pangaea
really existed?
•
•
•
•
Coal in Antartica
The shapes of the continents
Identical fossils around the world
Identical rocks around the world
• How often does the
earth wobble on it’s
axis?
•23,000 years
• Trade winds and ocean
currents normally cause
what water conditions off
the coast of South America?
• Cold water and
relatively dry air
• What happens to the
water temperature off the
South American coast
during El Nino?
• It gets warm. The air gets
much more humid. The
fish go away
• During El Nino, what
happens to our weather in
the United states?
• Places that are normally
dry get wet and places
that are normally wet get
dry.
• When hot water is
poured into cold, what
happens?
• What happens when
salt water is poured
into cold water?
• What will happen when
muddy water is poured
into cold water?
• what is the relationship
between the average
velocity of a slurry and its
density?
• In the ocean, the denser the
mixture, the faster it will go
• What happens to the density
of a density current as it
travels down a silt covered
ocean bottom slope?
• The density increases.
• What happens to the speed
of a density current in the
ocean as it moves down the
slope?
•It increases as it
picks up more
density.
• In the ocean, what happens
to the speed of a density
current as the slope of the
ocean floor increases?
• The speed of the
current increases.
Keep
going
CLOSE OR FAR?
• The S wave starts
pretty close to when
the P wave started, so
the epicenter is not too
far away
CLOSE OR FAR?
• The S wave starts
farther from when the P
wave started, so the
epicenter is farther
away
•What is one thing a
seismograph tells
us?
•How far it is to the
epicenter
•What is the other
thing a
seismograph tells
us?
•How strong the
quake was
•What is the focus
of an earthquake?
•The focus is the
place deep
underground where
the quake actually
happened
•What is the
epicenter of an
earthquake?
• The place on the
surface directly over
the focus of the quake
• How many seismographs
do we need to know
exactly where an
earthquake is located?
•THREE
seismographs
are used
• What is it called when we
use 3 seismographs to
determine the location of
a quake?
TRIANGULATION
What is the amplitude?
• The distance from the
ZERO line up to the
highest point of the
wave
• Do we have
earthquakes in
Maryland?
Yes, but they are
small ones - SO FAR!
•Why are Maryland’s
earthquakes so
small?
• Because we don’t have
any major tectonic
zones nearby (that we
know of)
How long does it take the S
wave?
50 seconds
•What does high
amplitude mean
about the quake?
•Either the quake is
large or it is very
close
• What is the definition
of a mineral?
A mineral is a
NATURALLY OCCURING
INORGANIC SOLID
that has
ONE CHEMICAL FORMULA
•What does naturally
occurring mean?
• It occurs in nature and
doesn’t have to be made
by man
•What does inorganic
mean?
• IT IS NOT CARBON BASED,
like diamonds, coal, graphite
and charcoal are
• Name 1 property that
can be used to identify
minerals.
• Name 1 property that
can be used to identify
minerals.
• COLOR
• LUSTER
• STREAK
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• HARDNESS
• CLEAVAGE
• CRYSTAL SHAPE
• Define specific gravity.
•Specific gravity is
the density of the
moneral compared
to the density of
water
•What is the specific
gravity of water?
1
ONE
• What is Archimedes
Principle that we use to
determine the volume
of a rock?
•An object in water
will appear lighter
by the weight of
the volume of
water it displaces
• Non metallic rocks usually
have a specific gravity of
less than _____.
• Metallic rocks usually
have a specific gravity of
Greater than than _____.
Where did it harden?
NO (OR SMALL)
CRYSTALS
=
OUTSIDE THE EARTH
So what type is it?
EXTRUSIVE
Where did it harden?
LARGE CRYSTALS
=
INSIDE THE EARTH
So what type is it?
•INTRUSIVE
•Basaltic rocks
are _________
•DARK COLORED
•Granitic rocks
are _________
•LIGHT COLORED
•Andedcitic rocks
are _________
•MEDIUM
COLORED
•What is
weathering?
•The natural
breakdown of
rocks
•What are the 3
types of
weathering?
•MECHANICAL
•CHEMICAL
•BIOLOGICAL
•How do we know
mechanical
weathering?
•MOVEMENT
INDICATES
MECHANICAL
• How does “abrasion?”
wear away rock?
•Bits of sand
carried by wind or
water scratch away
the rock
Does air or water
abrasion do more
weathering?
• .
•WATER
What is
exfoliation?
• .
•When rock peals
away in layers
•What causes
exfoliation?
• Rapid Heating and
cooling cycles like you
would have between
day and night.
How does frost
wedging work?
• .
•Water enters a crack
•Freezes & expands
•Pries apart the rock
• How do landslides
cause rock to weather?
•They break the
rocks by crashing
them down the hill
• What is “unloading,”
and how does it affect
rock?
• Unloading is when a deeply
burried rock has the
overlaying rock unloaded
from on top of it.
• When the weight is
removed, the lower rock will
often expand and crack
•What is “Chemical
Weathering?”
•Breakdown of a rock
by chemicals such
as acid rain or
oxygen
• How does acid rain
affect chemical
weathering?
•It dissolves the
rock
•What is a
“sinkhole?”
•A hole in the ground
often caused by the
collapse of part of
the roof of a cave
•What types of rock
tends to support
sinkholes?
•Carbonate rocks
such as limestone,
calcite, and marble
• What is a famous and
beautiful example of
chemical weathering?
•Luray Caverns
•Mammoth Cave
What can oxygen
bring about in the
rock?
• .
• Rust
• Rust takes up more
room than the unrusted
metal, so it weakens
the rock
•What is “Biological
Weathering?”
•Breakdown of rock
by living things like
plants and animals
•How do lichens start
the weathering
process in rocks?
•They release acid
that slowly etches
the rock
• How does moss affect
the weathering
process?
• Moss follows lichens and
builds up a soil base for
larger plants to grow in.
• It can also hold acid rain
against the rock like a wet
sponge
•What is “Root
Wedging?”
• Tree roots can get into
a crack in the rock,
grow larger and pry the
rock apart
•What is “tallus”?
• Piles of rock chunks
that are slowly moving
down a mountain. They
grind themselves into
smaller pieces
• What rock is the first
rock in the “Rock
Cycle?”
• Igneous rock was the
first to form on earth,
so it is first in the rock
cycle
• Why is one characteristic
not enough to identify a
mineral or rock?
•Because 100
different rocks could
have that exact same
trait
• How does weathering
affect the crust of the
earth?
• It breaks down rocks
into sediment and
allows it to wash away
into bodies of water
What are “clasts?”
•Small bits and
pieces that break
off of weathered
rock
• What is the main thing
that tells you when
weathering is
Mechanical?
• There is movement - like machines move
• What is the main thing
that tells you when
weathering is
chemical?
• The thing doing the
weathering is a
chemical - - like acid
rain or oxygen
•What is the main
thing that tells you
when weathering is
biological?
• Whatever is causing the
weathering is ALIVE. This
over rides any other
cause. If a living thing
causes movement, it is
still biological, NOT
mechanical
Didn’t we
learn a lot!
Keep Going!
Quiz review for the Rock
Cycle
&
Sedimentary & Metamorphic
Rocks
• Where does sedimentary
rock almost always form?
•UNDER WATER
• Where does Metamorphic
rock almost always form?
•Deep in the ground
• For any rock to become
sedimentary rock, what
process must happen to it
first?
•It must be
WEATHERED into
small bits, like
dust, sand or
pebbles
• For any rock to become
Metamorphic rock, what
must happen to change
it?
HEAT
Or
PRESSURE
Or
HOT WATER UNDER
PRESSURE
Or all 3
• For any rock to
become igneous rock,
what must happen to it
first?
•It must MELT
• What is Clastic
sedimentary rock?
•Sedimentary rock
made up of small
pieces of weathered
rock
• A Clastic sedimentary
rock composed mostly of
sand is called ________.
•SANDSTONE
• A Clastic sedimentary
rock composed mostly of
clay is called ________.
•CLAYSTONE
A Clastic sedimentary rock
composed mostly of silt is
called ________.
•SHALE
• A Clastic sedimentary
rock composed mostly of
sand and rounded
pebbles is called
________.
•CONGLOMERATE
•Looks like
concrete
• A Clastic sedimentary
rock composed mostly of
sand and small broken
rocks is called ________.
•BRECCIA
• What makes a
sedimentary rock
Organic?
•If it is made of once
living things, or
contains once living
things, it is
ORGANIC
• An organic sedimentary
rock composed mostly of
tiny shells is called
________.
•Coquina
• An organic sedimentary
rock that is made from
disolved shells and
deposited chemically by
precipitation is called
________.
•LIMESTONE
• Rock that was precipitated
by evaporating water and
was never alive is called
_________ sedimentary
rock.
•CHEMICAL
• What are 2 examples of
chemical sedimentary
rock?
•Salt
•Gypsum
What is peat made of?
•Dead MOSS
•What is all coal
made of?
•Mostly peat, ferns,
and ancient conifer
trees
• The first stage of coal that is
a true rock is called
_____________ or brown
coal
•Lignite
• The second stage of
coal that is a true
sedimentary rock is
called _________ Coal
• BITUMINOUS
(It is also referred to as
soft coal)
• Sometime after a thick layer
of plants formed in the coal
fields, what had to have
happened to cause them to
be covered with sedimentary
rock?
• The area had to be
flooded underwater so
that sediment could
cover the dead plants
• Why must sedimentary
rock always cover
coal?
• The sedimentary rock
is what provides the
pressure to make coal
from organic matter
• Bituminous coal that
becomes metamorphic
is called
______________
• Anthricite is the
metamorphic type of
coal
• (also called hard coal)
There are 2 main classes of
metamorphic rock they
are:
__________ metamorphic
rocks and__________
metamorphic rocks
•Foliated
•Non-foliated
• Limestone that
becomes metamorphic
is called __________.
•Marble
• Shale that becomes
metamorphic is called
__________.
•SLATE
• Claystone that
becomes metamorphic
is called________
• Can become Slate,
Phylite or mica
depending on
conditions
• Phylite, a metamorphic
rock already, that is
subjected to more heat
and pressure becomes
______________
•Mica
• Sandstone that
becomes metamorphic
is called
____________________
•Quartzite
•Basalt that becomes
metamorphic is
called
________________.
•Amphibolite
•What is a foliated
metamorphic rock?
•Metamorphic rock
with layers or bands
of different color
flattened crystals
What is a Non-foliated
metamorphic rock?
•Anthracite
•Marble
•Quartzite
What causes
metamorphic rock to
become foliated?
• The crystals in the rock
flatten out and fuse together
at 90 degrees to the
direction of the pressure
applied to them
• This can cause layering and
can cause bands of different
color crystals
• What sometimes happens to
the crystals in a rock when
they are exposed to extreme
pressure?
•They flatten out
• When these crystals are
squashed, in what
direction do they go?
•sideways (90
degrees) from the
direction the
pressure is applied
• Banding and thin
layers are both
examples of ________
•FOLIATION
•Gneiss has what
type of banding?
•Nice easy to see
banding
•Shist has what
type of banding?
• a good example of a
foliated metamorphic
rock is
• Gneiss
•Schist
•Slate
•Mica
•Phylite
• SOME STUDY IS
HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED BY
THE MANAGEMENT
•Keep going!
Mountain and
Volcano Quiz
Prep
•SOME STUDY IS
HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED
BY THE
MANAGEMENT
What Type of Volcano?
•Cinder Cone
•What are cinder
cones made of?
•Loose bubbly light
weight chunks of
rocks
•Rubble
•Why are cinder
cones not steeper?
•Cinder Cones have
moderately sloping
sides because loose
rubble doesn’t stack
well.
What Type of Volcano?
Shield
•Why are shield
volcanoes not
steeper?
• The lava shield
volcanoes are made of
is very thin and travels
long distances before it
hardens.
What Type of Volcano?
Composite
•Why are composite
volcanoes named
composite?
They are composed of
many different types of
layers
•What is the
tallest type of
mountain on
Earth?
• A shield Volcano
named Mona Loa in the
Hawaiian Islands.
•Which type of
volcano is most
likely to blow up?
•Composite
•Why do Composite
volcanoes tend to
blow up?
• They are very weak
because many of their
layers are nothing but ash
or cinder. When too much
pressure builds up, they
blow their layers apart.
•Which type of
volcano makes a lot
of noise and
fireworks, but isn’t
too likely to
explode?
•Cinder Cone
•What caused the
Hawaiian Islands
to form?
•Hot spots
•Why are there so
many islands?
• The Earth’s crust is moving,
but the hot spot is not.
Consequently, new
volcanoes form over the hot
spot after the old ones move
away.
•What type of volcano
is found at
Yellowstone?
•A Supervolcano
•Why did they have a
hard time locating
the Yellowstone
Volcano?
•It is so big that you
have to be in
space to see the
whole caldera.
•Where can we find
some composite
volcanoes in the
USA?
• Along the Pacific coast
in Washington and
Oregon.
•What caused these
coastal volcanoes to
form?
• The Cascade range
was formed by a
subduction zone where
the oceanic plate is
sliding under the
continental plate.
•What are island arc
volcanoes caused
by?
•Island arc
volcanoes are
caused by the
convergence of 2
oceanic plates
•What does
ISOSTASY refer
to?
• The balance of the weight
of a mountain against the
buoyancy of its base
which is submerged in the
Earth’s mantle
•The Appalachian
Mountains are what
type of mountains?
•Folded
Mountains
•Where are the
Appalachian
Mountains?
• They run from Georgia
to Maine parallel to the
Atlantic Coast
•What caused the
Appalachian
Mountains to
form?
• They formed by
continental/continental
convergence when
North America crashed
into Africa.
• Why does
Oceanic/Continental
convergence usually only
volcanoes while
Continental/Continental
convergence causes a few
volcanoes AND folded
mountains?
• Because oceanic crust
forms a continuous
subduction zone and
almost no collision while
continental collisions only
form a limited subduction
zone, as they make a
great big crash
•What causes peaks
and valleys in folded
mountains?
• The softer layers of
uplifted rock wear
away quicker than the
harder layers
What is an
uplifted
mountain?
• A mountain that was
formed by being
pushed upward by
currents in the Earth’s
mantle.
•Where can you
find uplifted
mountains?
•The closest ones are
the Adirondacks in
New York State.
• Why are the Adirondack
mountains not in long
chains like the
Appalachian mountains?
• The Adirondacks were
uplifted while the long
folds of the
Appalachians were
caused by a collision
of the whole coast of
the continent.
•What causes a
fault block
mountain?
• Fault block mountains are
caused by a continental
plate that is trying to split
apart. The mantle pushes it
up and spreads it. As the 2
sides pull apart, huge blocks
of rock drop along the fault
lines, leaving mountains on
one side of the fault.
•Where in the
US can we find
fault block
mountains?
•The Grand
Tetons in
Wyoming