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DISASTER RESILIENT SCHOOLS
A PRIMER OF KNOWLEDGE FOR THE
BENEFIT OF ALL WHO USE SCHOOLS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
DISASTER RESILIENT
SCHOOLS
MAKING ONE OF THE COMMUNITY’S
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES AND
“SAFE HAVENS”
SAFER
SCHOOLS (Elementary, Secondary,
High School, University, Other)
• FAR TOO OFTEN, SCHOOLS, THE
DESIGNATED (OR PERCEIVED)
COMMUNITY “SAFE HAVEN,” ARE
UNSAFE:
• WHEN SCHOOLS ARE IN SESSION
DURING THE DAY AND AN
EARTHQUAKE OCCURS, - - -
SCHOOLS (Elementary, Secondary,
High School, University, Other)
• OR, AFTER EVACUATIONS TO A
SCHOOL TO GET PEOPLE OUT OF
HARM’S WAY FROM FLOODS,
SEVERE WIND STORMS, AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS.
REASONS FOR SCHOOL
VULNERABILITY
• MAY NOT BE DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND
STRONG GROUND SHAKING
• MAY BE LOCATED IN A FLOOD PLAIN
• MAY BE LOCATED IN THE STORM SURGE
INUNDATION ZONE
• MAY NOT BE DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND
HIGH WINDFIELDS OF HURRICANES,
TYPHOONS, CYCLONES, AND TORNADOES
• MAY NOT BE DESIGNED FOR WET ASH
LOAD AFTER A VOLCANIC ERUPTION
EARTHQUAKES
CAUSE BUILDING COLLAPSE,
INUNDATION FROM TSUNAMIS,
WIDESPREAD LOSS OF FUNCTION,
INJURIES, AND DEATHS
SCHOOLS ARE VULNERABILE TO
EARTHQUAKES
• TYPICALLY, NO SPECIAL SITING,
DESIGN, OR CONSTRUCTION
MEASURES EXIST FOR SCHOOLS
• EARTHQUAKES OCCUR WITHOUT
WARNING, ANYTIME; HENCE, NO
EVACUATION
• LOSS OF FUNCTION MAY BE VERY
DISRUPTIVE TO ENTIRE COMMUNITY
SCHOOLS: PORT AU PRINCE UNIV.,
HAITI, JAN 12, 2010
SCHOOLS: PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI;
JAN 12, 2010
SCHOOLS: BEICHUAN, CHINA, MAY
12, 2008
SCHOOLS: BEICHUAN, CHINA, MAY
12, 2008
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF SCHOOL:
CHINA, MAY 12, 2008
SCHOOLS: TEMPORARY AFTER
MAY 12, 2008 EARTHQUAKE
SCHOOLS: EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI:
SOLOMON ISLANDS: APRIL 2007
SCHOOL IN SAN GIULIANO DI PUGLIA:
MOLISE EARTHQUAKE: OCTOBER 31, 2002
SCHOOL IN SAN GIULIANO DI PUGLIA: 53
CHILDREN BORN IN 1996 KILLED
SCHOOL: STANFORD
UNIVERSITY, CA; OCT 10, 1989
SCHOOL: MEXICO; SEPT. 19, 1985
SCHOOL: EL ASNAM,
ALGERIA;OCTOBER 10, 1980
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF SCHOOL:
COALINGA, CA; MAY 2, 1983
SCHOOLS: TANGSHAN, CHINA;
1976
SCHOOL: LICE, TURKEY;
SEPTEMBER 6, 1975
SCHOOL: ALASKA, MARCH
27, 1964
SCHOOL: LONG BEACH, CA, MARCH
10,1933 (LED TO THE FIELD ACT)
SCHOOLS
•NAT. HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
YOUR
COMMUNITY
VULNERABILITY
REDUCTON
RISK MANAGEMENT
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•SITING, DESIGN, AND
CONSTRUCTION STDS.
• EMERGENCY PLANS
• RECONSTRUCTION
•EDUCATIONAL SURGE
SCHOOLS: EARTHQUAKE DRILLS
ANYWHERE AND ANYTIME
FLOODS
CAUSE WATER DAMAGE AND
WIDESPREAD LOSS OF
FUNCTION
THE GREAT FLOOD OF 2008: IOWA
FLOODS IN NORTH KOREA:
AUGUST 7-14, 2007
FLOODING IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE,
ENGLAND: JULY 2007
FLOODING IN THE SUDAN: JULY
2007
FLOODING IN IRAN: JUNE 2007
SCHOOLS
•NAT. HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
YOUR
COMMUNITY
VULNERABILITY
REDUCTON
RISK MANAGEMENT
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•SITING, DESIGN, AND
CONSTRUCTION STDS.
• EMERGENCY PLANS
• RECONSTRUCTION
•EDUCATIONAL SURGE
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
(Hurricanes, Typhoons,
Cyclones, and Tornadoes)
CAUSE WIND AND WATER
DAMAGE AND WIDESPREAD
LOSS OF FUNCTION
MAY 20, 2013: S & R FOR TRAPPED
CHILDREN AFTER EF-4 TORNADO
TYPHOON MORAKOT: CHIATUNG,
TIAWAN, AUGUST 9, 2009
CYCLONE NARGIS: POWER OUTAGE
IN YANGON; MAY 18, 2008:
CYCLONE NARGIS: TAKING SHELTER
IN A BUDDHIST TEMPLE
HURRICANE OMAR: ST THOMAS,
VI, OCTOBER 15-17, 2008
HURRICANE OMAR: SOUFRIER;
OCTOBER 15-17, 2008
SCHOOLS: ALL HURRICANES
AND TYPHOONS
• EVACUATION IS
UNSUCCESSFUL
IF “SAFE
HAVENS” FOR
EVACUEES ARE
UNSAFE.
SCHOOLS: HURRICANE KATRINA;
AUGUST 28-29, 2005
• Many schools were
damaged and some
did not reopen for
several months to
more than a year.
SCHOOLS: HURRICANE KATRINA;
AUGUST 28-29, 2005
• A FEW HOURS OF
WIND AND STORM
SURGE FOLLOWED
BY A MONTH OF
RECOVERY FROM
THE FLOODING
PARALYZED
TULANE
UNIVERSITY
INDEFINETLY.
SCHOOLS
•NAT. HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
YOUR
COMMUNITY
VULNERABILITY
REDUCTON
RISK MANAGEMENT
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•SITING, DESIGN, AND
CONSTRUCTION STDS.
• EMERGENCY PLANS
• RECONSTRUCTION
•EDUCATIONAL SURGE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
CAUSE WIDESPREAD LOSS OF
FUNCTION
SCHOOLS: INDONESIA, JUNE 8, 2006
ERUPTION SENDS 15,000 FLEEING
SCHOOLS: INDONESIA; JUNE 8,
2006 ERUPTION
• School children
wearing masks
to counter the
adverse health
effects of
volcanic ash.
SCHOOLS
•NAT. HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
YOUR
COMMUNITY
VULNERABILITY
REDUCTON
RISK MANAGEMENT
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•SITING, DESIGN, AND
CONSTRUCTION STDS.
• EMERGENCY PLANS
• RECONSTRUCTION
•EDUCATIONAL SURGE