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Current Energy "Sustainable"
Solutions
Dr. Terence J Fagan
Objectives
– Gain Insight into World Energy Usage
– Know the Break down of where the energy is coming from.
– Be able understand some Reusable Energy option
– Solar
–
–
–
–
Wind
Biomass
PV
Thermal
– Geothermal
Energy (we need it) Consumption
Perspective: If I ride my bike 17 mph I can generate 100 Watts of
power. If Everybody rode their bike for an 100 Watts then the world
power would be 6.5 x 1011 W or .65 TW
Further World Energy Break Down 2006
What are some effective ways to get
Energy?
Conserve and use it efficiently!
Energy Categories
Energy can be broken down into two distinct categories
• Non-renewable – Energy that draws on power of finite
resources that will eventually dwindle.
• Renewable – Energy which is quickly and constantly
replenished.
Renewable Energy
– Solar - 99.9% of the earth’s energy
comes from the SUN
• Wind - Suns heat also drives winds
• Biomass – Sunlight causes plants to
grow
– Ocean – Can produce thermal
energy from sun and mechanical
energy from moon (Not talked
about)
Renewable Energy
– Hydrogen – Once separated from an
element, it can produce energy (Not
talked about)
– Hydro Power – Uses flowing water to
capture energy (Not talked about)
– Geothermal – Taps into earth’s
internal heat
Solar Energy
Solar Power Energy Balance
Solar powers even
the greatest
Superhero
Utilization of Passive Solar Energy
Spruce
Tree
House
cliff
dwelling
at Mesa
Verde
Solar Thermal Power Plants
Science of Solar Thermal Heat
Utilization
• Part of the solar radiation
energy can be converted into
heat by using absorbers
(collectors)
• Heat Engine (Thermal
Dynamics)
Concentrated Solar Thermal Collectors
Solar Thermal Collectors
• Non-concentrating liquid
type
• Non- concentrated air
collectors
Solar Thermal Tower Plants
Solar Thermal Environmental Analysis
• Manufacturing/Construction
– Little known effects (Room for Growth)
• Normal Operation
– Require large amount of land
– Visual Impact (Purely Subjective)
– Reflections (person maybe exposed to Solar
radiation)
– Emissions (Only in hybrid applications)
• End of Operation
– Little known effect (Room for growth)
Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation
Enough energy lands on the planet in
one hour that we use in one year!!
Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation
PV Efficiency
Type of Solar
PV
'Thin Film'
Polycrystalline Monocrystalline 'Hybrid'*
Cell Efficiency 8 - 12%
at STC**
14 - 15%
16 - 17%
18 - 19%
Module
Efficiency
12 - 14%
13 - 15%
16 - 17%
5 - 7%
Photovoltaic Power Generation
New PV Technologies
• PV Shingles
• Integrated PV and
Solar Thermal
• Solar sidewalks
• Solar Roads
• Solar Tree
Environmental Analysis from PV’s
• Manufacturing/Construction
– Some technologies rely on scarce resources
– Some technologies off gas toxic substances (H2Se)
• Normal Operation
– Relatively None
• End of Operation
– Heavy metal (cadmium tellurium)
– Not much done on the subject (Room for growth)
Wind Energy Fundamentals
• How do we get
harness power from
the wind?
• Minimum wind
speed?
•How do you handle
wind speed fluctuation?
•How do you store the
energy?
Wind Energy
Wind Energy
Green Engineer – A little backyard ingenuity never hurt many
people (How they work?)
Where are all the promised windmills?
Wind Power – The worlds fastest growing energy source
Novel Wind Generation
Wind Energy Environmental Analysis
• Manufacturing/Construction
– Relatively Low
– Transportation
• Normal Operation
• Audible Sound
• Disco Effect (And that is a bad thing?)
• Shadow Impact
• Ice Throwing
• Preservation of bird-life
• Space Consumption
• End of Operation
• Glass reinforced plastic
Geothermal (“Earth Heat”) Energy
What is energy in the
earth used for?
Using the earth or bodies
of water to provide heating
or cooling
Who uses energy in the
earth?
residential
commercial
industrial
Diverting water from wells residential
or lakes to provide heating commercial
or cooling
industrial
Using steam or hot water in electrical facilities
the earth's crust to
generate electricity
Using steam or hot water in municipal
the earth's crust to heat
commercial
buildings and water
industrial
How is the energy
obtained?
Fluid is channeled
through pipes that are
installed in the earth. The
fluid passes through a
heat pump that
exchanges heat.
Water passes through a
heat pump that
exchanges heat.
Steam or hot water from
the earth's crust is used to
power turbines.
Steam or hot water from
the earth's crust is passed
through pipes to supply
heat to a specific
location.
Types of Geothermal Technology
• Heat Source Systems for shallow utilizations (Heat Pump)
–Closed System
–Open System
Types of Geothermal Technology
• Geothermal Power Plants
–Produce electricity
–Produce heat
Videos of Geothermal Technology
• This one’s for Dr. Hilger.
•Geothermal in Iceland
•Residential Geothermal
(Heat Pumps)
• Good Overview of a
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy Environmental Analysis
• Manufacturing/Construction
–Creating the Refrigerants
–Chemical and biological pollutants caused by drilling
• Normal Operations
–Environmental effects of heat pump working media
–Thermal effects on the soil, the groundwater atmosphere
–Hydraulic changes in the subsoil caused by groundwater withdrawal
–Noise effects
–Effects caused by boreholes
•End of Operation
–Effects are more if the borehole is not properly sealed
–Refrigerants may leak
Further Reading
http://cleantechnica.com/2008/05/28/big-money-bets-solarcheaper-than-coal-by-2020/
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080409170347.ht
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