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These are 3 volcanoes that we, Erika
McMahon and Candice Zwicker, feel are
crazy (even LOCO!) enough to be noted!
Introduction
• Of the many volcanic eruptions from our past,
present and future there will always be the
eruptions that we remember, not for their beauty
but for the destruction that they caused to
civilization. Since the year 1500 AD over 300,000
people’s lives have been taken due to volcanic
activity. The majority of these people died from
only a few eruptions.
• The most deadly volcanic
eruption since 1500 AD was
Tambora, Indonesia in 1815.
• Thus taking the lives of around
92,000. The primary cause of
these deaths was crop failure
resulting in starvation.
• The eruption released 50 cubic
km of ask fabricating a column
43 km high.
• The tiny ash fragments
were taken around the
globe by winds covering a
lot of the earth’s surface
from sunlight, which
lowered global
temperatures.
• This is known as “The
Year Without a Summer”.
• Before the 1815 eruption
• ~13,000 feet high
– A difference of 3,646 feet
• Now
• ~9354 feet high
• Before the 1980 eruption Mount St. Helens had been dormant since
1857. On May 18 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted so violently that the
top of the mountain was blown off and a cloud of gases and ash was
sent to an altitude of 19 km. The eruption was triggered by an
earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter Scale about 2.5 km beneath
the volcano, causing the north face of the mountain to collapse in an
enormous rock debris avalanche. Almost 390 square km of woodland
was left dead and standing or blown over. At the same time a
mushroom shaped cloud of ash lifted thousands of feet towards the sky
then drifting downwind, turning the day into night. The eruption
triggered the largest landslide in American history that lasted 9 hours.
The eruption damaged 27 bridges, almost 200 homes, around 39 km of
railways and more than 480 km of roads.
• Before 1980 eruption
• ~9,677 feet high
• A difference of 1,314
feet
• Now
• ~8,363 feet high
Click Here to see Mt. St. Helens
• Mount Vesuvius is a very large and dangerous volcano. It
is located around 12 km southeast of Naples in Italy.
• This monster gave its first mighty roar in August, 79 AD,
and Pompeii and Herculaneum were the cities which lied
in the path of it’s wrath.
• In Pompeii, 3360 people lost their lives as a direct cause of
this volcano.
• Almost everything we know about this disaster comes from
written observation made by Pliny the Younger. These
accounts were being written to the roman historian
Tactitus. He wrote this account to record the events
concerning the events surrounding the death of his father,
Pliny the Elder.
• Pliny the Younger wrote that the eruption came in 2
phases. The first phase, which is now referred to as the
Plinian phase, material was ejected into the air in a large
tall column. (Previous to this he described the earthquakes
before the eruption). He continued to describe air fall, the
effects of the eruption on people, tsunamis, and pyroclastic
flows.
• During the second phase of the eruption (now the Plenean
phase), materials flowed down the sides of the volcano,
bringing an avalanche of dust and gas.
• What makes the eruption of Vesuvius so notable is that by
covering the town of Pompeii with ash, it preserved the
town to an amazing degree.
Mount Vesuvius Photos
Keep going for some basic
volcano knowledge!!
Volcano Basics
•
•
•
~Webster’s New World Dictionary
Volcano (val ka no) - a vent in the
earth’s crust through which molten
rock (lava), rock fragments, gases,
ashes, etc. are ejected into the
earth’s interior.
Shield Volcanoes- are formed
when a large amount of freeflowing lava spills from a vent and
spreads widely. The lava gradually
builds up to a low, broad, domeshaped mountain.
•
•
Cinder Cones- build up when
mostly tephra erupts from a vent ad
falls back to the earth, surrounding
the vent. This accumulating tephra
forms a cone shaped mountain.
Composite Volcanoes- formed
when both lava and tephra erupt
from a central vent. The materials
pile up in alternating layers around
the vent and for towering cone
shaped mountains.
Distribution of Volcanoes
• Spreading Center Volcanism- volcanoes
which are produced along the oceanic ridge
system where sea floor spreading is active.
• Subduction Zone Volcanism- volcanoes that
are or lie along oceanic margins
• Intraplate Volcanism- volcanoes that lie
within (middle) of tectonic plates.
Did You Know...
• That 1 in 10 people in the world have “homes” within the
‘danger zone’ of an active volcano?
• That there are approximately 1510 volcanoes in the world
that have erupted within the last 10,000 years which makes
them considered an active volcano to some volcanologists?
• That the largest volcano in the world is Mauna Loa,
Hawaii? It’s total volume is around 80,000 cubic km.
• That occasionally lightning can be seen in the clouds,
which is possibly because of all the hot particles smashing
together causing static charge?
Did You Know...
• That about 50-60 different volcanoes erupt every
year?
• That the Crater Lake eruption 6,600 years ago had
43,000x the force of an atomic bomb?
• That Mt. Mayon, Phillipines is considered the
most perfectly shaped volcano?
Bibliography
� www.fema.gov/kids/volfacts.htm
� http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/msh/may18/summary_may18_eruption.ht
ml
� www.fs.fed.us/gpuf/mshnvm/
� www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vnarrative1.html
� http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/effects/fatalities.html
� www.freepages.genealogy.rootswed.com/~peck/tambora3.htm
� www.volcanolive.com
� www.siec.k12.in.us/~West/online/website/step5.htm
� www.websitegarage.com
� www.personal.psu.edu.ete/modules/volcanoes/vmtvesuvius.html
� www.vesuvioinreteit_webcam.html
Bibliography (Cont’d)
� www.geocities.com
� http://volcano.und.nodak.edu?vwdocs/msh/loowit.mpg
� Francis, P., 1994, Volcanoes a planetary perspective: Oxford
University Press, New York, 443p.
� Self, S., Rampino, M.R., Newton, M.S., and wolff, J.A.,1989,
Volcanological Study of the Great Tambora Eruption of 1815:
Geology, v. 12, p. 659-653
� Sigurdsson, H., and Carey, S., 1989, Plinian and Co-Igmibrite Tephra
Fall from the 1815 Eruption of Tambora volcano: Bulletin of
volcanology, v. 51, p.243-270
� Stothers, R.B.,1984, The Great Tambora Eruption of 1815 and Its
Aftermath: Science,v. 224, 1191-1198
Bibliography (Cont’d)
� “Saint Helens, Mount,” Microsoft (R) Encarta (R) 96 Encyclopedia.
(C) 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.