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ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION
• Reforms were not enough to
stop the hungry, unemployed
and poorly paid people of Paris
who took up arms.
• Their actions would push
events further and faster than
anyone could have foreseen
• Global Impact of American
Revolution:
http://www.history.com/topics/
frenchrevolution/videos/globalimpact-of-the-americanrevolution?m=528e394da93ae
&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
The Old Regime
• In 1789 France was till clinging to the outdated
social system of the Middle Ages where everyone
belonged to one of three classes
• First Estate: the Clergy
• Second Estate: the nobility
• Third Estate: majority of the population
The Clergy (First Estate)
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The First Estate
In 1789 the clergy still enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege
The Church
owned 10% of the land
collected tithes
paid little or no taxes
high Church leaders were usually nobles who lived very well
Parish priest were often as poor as their peasant congregation
social services run by monks, nuns priests
– ran schools
– hospitals
– orphanages
• The Enlightenment: philosophes wanted Church reform, criticized clergy
idleness, interference in politics and intolerance of dissent. Clergy
condemned Enlightenment for undermining religion and moral order
The Nobles (Second Estate)
• The Second Estate – titled nobility of France
• After Richelieu and Louis XIV crushed the nobles military
power they gave them other rights under strict royal
control such as top jobs in
• + government
+ the army
• + the courts
+ the church
• Nobles competed for royal appointments at Versailles and
enjoyed much entertainment
• Most owned land but had little money income and found
it difficult to maintain their status with rising prices
• Many hated absolutism and resented the middle class for
taking positions that had once been theirs but feared
losing their traditional privileges like freedom from
paying taxes
The Third Estate
• The Third Estate was made up of 98% of the French
population
• This diverse group was made up of several smaller groups
• Top Group was the bourgeoisie or middle class which
included bankers, merchants, manufacturers, official royal
bureaucracy, lawyers, doctors, journalists professors and
skilled artisans
• Biggest Group with 9 out of 10 people in France was the
rural peasants with some being landowners who hire
laborers to work for them or day laborers
• Poorest Group: urban workers such as apprentices,
journeymen, industry workers in printing or servants,
stable hands, porters, construction workers or street
sellers and the many urban unemployed who were forced
to turn to begging or crime
Discontent
• All members of the Third Estate resented the privileges enjoyed
by their social betters
• “What They Resented”
• Wealthy bourgeois could buy political offices and titles but best
jobs were reserved for nobles
• Urban Workers earned miserable wages so even the smallest rise
in bread prices could threaten hunger or starvation
• Peasants were burdened by taxes on everything. They may be
technically free but many owned fees and service dating back to
medieval times even old rules about only nobles may hunt
• People in towns began learning of Enlightenment ideas which led
them to question the inequalities,
• why should the first estates have such privileges at the expense of
the of the majority
Economic Troubles and
The Burden of Debt
• Economic woes added to the social unrest and heightened
tensions
• The years of deficit spending or the government spending
more money than it takes in
• Louis XIV had left France deep in debt from his spending on
wars like the Seven Years War and in American Revolution
• King also spent heavily on his lavish court
• To bridge the gap between income and expenses the
government had to barrow more money forcing half its
income to be payment on interest
• Clergy/Nobles resisted losing their exemption from taxes
Poor Harvests
• A general economic
decline and poor
harvests added to hard
times thus inflaming the
people
• People began attacking
Failure of Reform
• Louis XIV were not prepared to solve France’s economic problems
• Louis XV ran up the debt more
• Louis XVI did chose Jacques Necker to be his financial adviser and urged the
king to
• reduce extravagant court spending
• Reform the government
• Abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade
• taxing the First and Second estates, which the nobles and high clergy forced the
king to dismiss Necker
• As things worsened the wealthy and powerful classes called for the king to
summon the Estates General which had not been called for175 years because
the kings did not want to nobles could regain some of their feudal powers
• The nobles felt that the Estates General could be a way to carry out change in
France like the Glorious Revolution did in England
• They wanted to bring the absolute monarch under the control of the nobles and
guarantee their own
• Louis did not follow Necker’s reforms
Louis XVI Calls the Estates General
• In 1788 France tottered on
the verge of bankruptcy
• Bread riots were
spreading
• Nobles were fearful of
taxes were denouncing
royal tyranny
• A baffled Louis XVI
summons the Estates
General: a group of
representatives from each
estate to advice the king
The Cahiers
• Louis requested each estate prepare Cahiers or
notebooks listing their grievances such as:
• fairer taxes
• Freedom of the press
• Regular meetings of the Estates General
• Denouncing regulations on leather making shoes
too expensive
• the right to kill animal that were destroying their
crops
• The cahiers testified to boiling class resentments
Causes of French Revolution
• Monarchy: absolute rule, debt from previous kings,
heavy spending on court and wars, failure to make
reforms
• French Society: Third estate burden with taxes, overall
discontent of third estate
• Economic issues: France’s heavy debt, high interest
rates, low wages
• Enlightenment Ideas: the spread of Enlightenment
ideas or freedom, equality
• Poor harvests: poor harvests drive up the price of food,
risks of starvation for some
• Failure of reforms: failure to take Necker advice, not
taxing all estates, taxes and tariffs inside France
•
Origins of FR History ch. 4 min: http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/origins-of-the-french-revolution
Marie Antoinette
Tennis Court Oath
• Since only propertied men most of the Third Estate was made up of
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+ middle class officials
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+ Lawyers
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+ writers
• They were familiar with the writings of Voltaire and Rousseau and came
prepared to solve the finical crisis and insist on:
• All three Estates meet in May 1789
• First Problem: the issue of voting
• In the past each group had one vote so under this system
• the First and Second estates would always out vote the Third Estates two
to one The Third Estate wanted all Estates to meet in a single body with
votes counted by head
• The Third estate claiming they represent the people of France called
themselves the National Assembly and invited delegates from the other
estates to help them write a constitution. Describing the basic rules and
allows of government
Tennis Court Oath
• The National Assembly
found themselves locked
out to the meeting all and
met across the street at an
indoor tennis court and too
the famous Tennis Court
Oath vowing to never
separate and continue
meeting until they establish
a just and sound
constitution
Storming the Bastille
• On July 14th on the streets of Paris rumors of royal troops
coming to occupy the capital sent over 800 Parisians to gather
in font of the Bastille, a grim medieval fortress used as a
prison
• The crowd demanded weapons and gun powder they
believed was stored there
• The commander of the Bastille refused to open the doors but
then opened fire on the crowd.
• A battle followed with the crowd breaking into the Bastille
and killing the commander and the five guards and released
the handful of prisoners but found no weapons
• The storming of the Bastille became a symbol of the French
Revolution because it was seen as a blow to tyranny and is
still celebrated today on July 14th, Bastille Day and is a
national holiday
Storming the Bastille
Causes of the French
Revolution
Setting the Scene
• The Four Phases of the Revolutionary era
• 1. (1789-1791) moderate phase of the National Assembly
• 2. (1792-1793) turned France into a constitutional
monarchy
• 3. (1793-1794) a phase of escalating violence led to the
Reign of Terror
4. (1793-1794) periods of reaction against extremism
known as the Directory
• (1799-1815) Age of Napoleon
• This section is about the moderate start
Revolts in Paris/The Great Fear
• In 1789 the political crises
and the worst famine in
memory were occurring
• Bread prices soared
• In flamed by famine,
fear and rumors such as
attacks on villages and
government seizure of
peasant crops set off
The Great Fear
• There was wide spread
panic and violence
Paris in Arms
• Paris was also in turmoil and the revolutionary center
• A variety of FACTIONS or small groups competed to
gain power
• Moderates looked to the Marquis de Lafayette who
fought alongside of George Washington in the
Revolutionary War to head the National Guard which
was a largely middle class militia organized in response
to the arrival of royal troops in Paris and first to war the
Red, white and blue badge which would be adopted as
the national flag on France
• Radical group called the Paris Commune replaced the
royalist government of the city
• Even more radical groups sprang up with some
demanding a end to the monarchy
Moderate Reforms
An End to Special Privilege
• All of the turmoil in
• Historians have noted that
Frances pushed the
the National Assembly
National Assembly to voted
gave up nothing they had
to end their privileges:
not already lost
• give up manorial dues
• The reforms turned into
law, meeting a key
Enlightenment goal of
equality of all citizens
before the law
Women March on Versailles
• October 5 thousands of
women streamed from Paris
to Versailles protesting the
price of bread
• Much of the protest was
aimed at Marie Antoinette
for being frivolous and
extravagant plus the rumor
of her saying “Let them eat
cake” which she did not say
but it fueled rumors of her
• The women refused to leave
until Louis came back with
them to Paris so the royal
family did move back to Paris
Declaration of the Rights of Man
• In the first step toward writing a constitution the Assembly issued the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, a Bill of Rights
• It was modeled in part after the Declaration of Independence
• It proclaimed:
• all men were born and remain free and equal in rights
• they enjoyed natural rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression
• constitutions existed to protect the natural rights of the citizen
• male citizens were equal before the law
• Frenchmen had an equal right to hold public office
• freedom of religion
• taxes to be levied according to ability to pay
• Its principles captured the French Revolution’s slogan
• Louis XVI was slow to accept the reforms causing Parisians to grow
suspicious
The National Assembly
Presses Onward
• The National Assembly followed the king back to
Paris
• The Assembly was mostly made up of Bourgeois
members of whom much of the national debt was
owed worked to draft a Constitution and they
voted to take over and sell
Reorganizing the Church
• The Assembly votes to put the French Catholic Church
under state control
• Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy issued in
1790
• clergy became elected, salaried officials
• ended papal authority over the French Church
• dissolved convents and monasteries
• Reaction was swift and angry with many clergy refusing
to accept the Civil Constitution, peasants rejected it
and a huge gulf opened between the revolutionaries in
Paris and the peasantry in the provinces
Constitution of 1791
• The National Assembly produced a constitution in 1791 which was the first
constitution
1. set up a limited monarchy
2. a new Legislative Assembly that had power to make laws, collect
taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace
3. lawmakers would elected by tax paying male citizens
4. replaced provinces with 83 departments
5. abolished old provincial courts
6. reformed laws
7. protected private property
8. supported free trade
9. compensated nobles for the land seized by peasants
10. abolished guilds
11. forbade urban workers to unionized
• To moderate reformers it completed the revolution, reflected
Enlightenment goals and means and leisure to serve in government end
church interference and ensured and it put power in the hands of men with
the
Louis’s Failed Flight
Reaction Outside France
• Marie Antoinette and
other had been urging the
king to escape so on June
1791 the disguised king
and his family left but were
caught and returned to
Paris
• To many this showed that
the king was a traitor to
the revolution
• The events in Frances
stirred debate all over
Europe with rulers and
nobles denouncing the
French Revolution and
Enlightenment supporters
applauding the reforms
Widespread Fears
• European rulers were fearful of the “French Plague”
spreading into their countries
• Fueling this were stories told by émigrés, 0r nobles,
clergy and others who had fled Frances and its
revolutionary forces,
• Enlightened rulers turned against French ideas
Threats From Abroad
• Rulers such as the King of Prussian and emperor of
Austria who was Marie Antoinette’s brother issued
the Declaration of Pilnits which threatens to
intervene to protect the French Monarchy
• While probably mostly bluff, French revolutionaries
prepared for war and a more radical phase of
change and conflict
War at Home and Abroad
• In October 1791 the newly elected Legislative
Assembly took office but would survive only
less than one year
• Renewed economic and social problems such
as rapidly raising prices and food shortages
Internal Divisions
• In Paris and other urban areas working class men and
women called sans-culottes (without short britches)
pushed for more radical action, they demanded a
Republic or government ruled not by a monarch but by
elected representatives
• Within the Legislative Assembly several hostile factions
competed for power
• The sans culottes found support among the more
radical Jacobins, a revolutionary political club who
were mostly middle class lawyers or intellectuals
• Opposing the radicals were moderate reformers and
political officials who wanted no more reforms at all
War on Tyranny
• The radicals soon held political power in the
Legislative Assembly
• April 1792 war between French
revolutionar4oeis and European monarchs
moved to the battlefield between Austria then
Prussia, Britain and others
• The fighting that began in 1792 lasted on and
off until 1815
The Monarchy Abolished
• In 1793 the revolution enters a radical phase
and for a year France experienced one of the
bloodiest regimes in its history where
determined leaders sought to extend and
preserve the revolution
• The Prussian army was defeating the French
with royalist officers deserting and joining
others to restore the king’s power
Outbreaks of Violence
• Battle disasters inflamed revolutionaries
• On August 10, 1792 a crowd of Parisians
stormed the royal castle killing the kings
guards but the royal family fled to the
Legislative Assembly
• A month later citizens attacked prisons
holding nobles and priests accused of
political offenses and killed them
The French Republic
• In Paris radicals took control of the Assembly
• They called for the election of a new legislative
body called the National Convention
• Suffrage or the right to vote was to be extended
to all male citizens not just property owners
• The more radical body voted to abolish the
monarchy and to declare France a republic
• A new constitution was drawn up erasing all
traces of the old order
• They seized lands of nobility and abolished
The Convention Defends the Republic
• The Republic put Louis XVI
on trial and sentenced him
to death on January 1793
shocking European
monarchs
• Marie Antoinette was also
executed. Their son, Louis
XVII died of unknown causes
•
History of guillotine 3:16:
http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/coroners-reportguillotine?m=528e394da93ae&s=undef
ined&f=1&free=false
Committee of Public Safety
• To deal with these threats the Convention created
the Committee of Public Safety
• The 12 member group had almost absolute power
as it tried to save the revolution
• It prepared France for war by issuing a mass levy
that required all citizens to contribute to the war
effort
• Spurred on by revolutionary fervor the French army
defeated the Netherlands and later Italy as well as
crushing peasant revolts and carried freedom
forever” to conquered lands
Robespierre
• Maximilien Robespierre was a lawyer and politician who
quickly rose to leadership of the Committee of Public Safety
• Among Jacobins he earned the nickname incorruptible his
enemies called him a tyrant
• He embraced Rousseau’s idea of the general will as a source
of all legitimate law
• He promoted religious toleration
• He wanted to abolish slavery
• He believed that France could achieve a republic of virtue
only through the use of terror which he defined as nothing
more than prompt, severe and inflexible justice
• Robesppierre 4 min: http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/robespierre-and-the-reign-ofterror?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
The Reign of Terror
• Robespierre was one of the chief architects of the Reign of
Terror which lasted from July 1793 to July 1794
• Revolutionary courts conducted hasty trials, perhaps 40,000
peopled died during the Terror, about 15% were nobles and
clergy and another 15% were middle class citizens the rest
were peasants and sans-culottes who were involved in riots
or revolts against the republic.
• Many were executed some by mistaken identity some by false
accusations. Many more were sent to prisons
• The new killing machine of the revolution was the guillotine
designed by Dr. Joseph Guillotine
• Within a year the Reign of Terror consumed its own members
including Robespierre who was arrested and executed the
next day
• After his and other radicals deaths executions
Robespierre
Reaction and the Directory
• In reaction to the Terror the revolution entered a third phase
• Moderates produced another constitution, the Constitution of 1795, the
third since 1789.
• The Constitution of 1795 set up a five man directory and a two house
legislature elected by male citizens who own property
• The middle class professionals of the bourgeoisie was the dominant force
in this state of the French Revolution
• The Directory held power from 1795 to 1799
• The Directory faced growing discontent
• War with Prussia and Spain had ended but war with Austria and Great
Britain continued
• Corrupt leaders lined their pockets and failed to solve problems
• price of bread increased stirring sans-culottes to riot
• Many émigrés returned to France and were welcomed by devout Catholics
who were angry over actions used against the Church
• In 1797 elections supporters of a constitutional monarchy won the majority
of seats in the legislature
• Politicians turned to Napoleon Bonaparte
Rights for Women /
Rights for Women Setbacks
• Women of all classes participated in the
revolution from the very beginning
• Many women were disappointed when the
Declaration of Rights of Man did not grant equal
citizenship to women
• Women did gain some rights for a time be making
divorce easier for women, it was easier to inherit
property but these did not last
• In 1793 women’s revolutionary clubs were
banned and violators were arrested
Changes in Daily Life
• Many changes came from this 10 year long French
Revolution
• dislodged the old social order
• Overthrew the monarchy
• Brought the Catholic Church under state power
• new symbols like red liberty caps confirmed liberty and
equality for all male citizens
• the new title citizen applied to people of all social
classes
• titles were eliminated
• elaborate fashions gave way to more practical clothes
• revolutionary names went to children like Constitution,
Republic or August 10th
Nationalism
• Revolution and war gave the
French people a strong
sense of national identity
• loyalty had shifted from the
king to the nation
• Nationalism, a strong feeling
of pride in and devotion to
ones country spread
throughout France
•
https://www.opened.io/video/the-french-revolutionsung-to-tune-of-bad-romance-bylady/113892?isAlreadyAdded=false&isEditMode=false
Social Reform
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Revolutionaries pushed for
social reform
religious toleration
set up state schools to replace religious ones
organized system to help the poor, soldiers, and war widows
abolished slavery (revolt in Haiti)
tried to de Christianized France
created a secular or non religious calendar with 1793 as the
Year 1
• banned many religious festivals replacing them with secular
celebrations
• Arts showed grand classical style that echoed the grandeur of
Leading artist of this period was David
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEZqarUnVpo
THE AGE OF NAPOLEON BEGINS
• From 1799 to 1815 Napoleon would dominate France and Europe
• A hero to some, an evil force to others, he gave his name to the
final phase The Age of Napoleon
• Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica
• his family were minor nobles with little money
• at age 9 he was sent to France for a military career
• When the revolution broke out he was a 20 year old lieutenant
and eager to make a name for himself
• He favored the Jacobins and republican rule but found the
conflicting ideas of the revolution confusing
• 3 min cartoon overview: http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/napoleon?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=
1&free=false
Early Successes
• During the French Revolution Napoleon rose through
the ranks quickly winning numerous dazzling victories
and managing to hide stories of some of his losses
• Success fueled his ambition and by 1799 he moved
from victorious general to political leader by helping
overthrow a weak Directory and setting up a three
man governing board called the Consulate
• Another constitution was drawn up and Napoleon took
the title of First Consul
• In 1802 he named himself Consul for Life
•
The rise of napoleon History channel 2 min http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/the-rise-ofnapoleon?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
A Self Made Emperor
• Two years later Napoleon had
enough power to assume the
title Emperor of the French
• The pope presided over the
coronation in Paris with
Napoleon placing the crown
on his own head
• At each step on his rise to
power Napoleon held a
plebiscite or ballot in which
voters say yes or no and each
time the French strongly
supported him
France Under Napoleon
• What did he do along the
way?
• Consolidated his power
by strengthening the
central government
• Order, security and
efficiency replaced the
old slogans of liberty,
equality and fraternity
Reforms
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To restore economic prosperity he
controlled prices
encouraged new industry
built roads and canals
To endure well trained officials and military officers he set up a system of
public schools.
He made peace with the Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801
The state still kept the Church under state control but recognize religious
freedom
Napoleon had the support of all the classes
He encouraged émigrés to return provided they took an oath of loyalty
Peasants supported him because he recognized their right to lands they
had bought from the Church and nobles.
Middle class supported him because of the economic reforms reforms and
the restoration of order, plus he made jobs open to all of talent
Napoleonic Code
• The Napoleonic Code was one of his most lasting
reforms
• It included:
• Enlightenment principles such as equality for all
citizens before the law
• religious toleration
• advancement based on merit
• Women lost rights under the Napoleonic Code
Building an Empire
• From 1804 to 1814
Napoleon furthered his
reputation on the battlefield
by successfully facing down
the combined forces of
greatest European powers
• By 1801 his empire, the
Grand Empire reached its
greatest size
• As a military leader he was
effective and developed a
different plan for each
battle
The Grand Empire
• Napoleon created a vast empire
• He annexed or added outright some areas to France
such as Netherlands, Belgian, parts of Italy and
Germany
• He abolished the Holy Roman Empire, and created a
38 member Confederation of the Rhine under French
protection
• He cut Prussian territory in half turning part of Poland
into the Grand Duchy of Warsaw
• Much of Europe he controlled through forceful
diplomacy
• He forced alliances on European powers
• Napoleon’s success boosted the spirit of nationalism
Napoleon’s Empire
France Versus Britain
• Britain alone remained outside Napoleon’s empire
• Britain relied on sea power to stop Napoleons drive
• In 1805 Napoleon prepared to invade England but at the Battle of Trafalgar
near Spain a British admiral named Horatio Nelson defeated the French
fleet
• With invasion ruled out Napoleon decided to strike a Britain’s commerce
• He waged economic warfare called the Continental System by which he
closed European ports to British goods
• Britain responded with its own blockade or shutting off ports to keep
people or supplies from moving in or out of European ports
• Both sides seized neutral ships suspected of trading with the other
• British attacks on American ships would eventually trigger the War of 1812
• Napoleon’s Continental System failed to bring Britain to its knees
• Trade restriction created a scarcity of goods in Europe sending prices
soaring and intensified resentment against French power
THE END OF AN ERA
• In 1812 Napoleon pursued his
dream of invading Russia
which would lead to his
downfall
• Napoleon’s final defeat
brought an end to the era of
the French Revolution
• Napoleon invades Russia 5
min:
http://www.history.com/topic
s/frenchrevolution/videos/napoleoninvadesrussia?m=528e394da93ae&s=
undefined&f=1&free=false
Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
• Under Napoleon’s armies the ideas of the revolution
and the Napoleonic Code spread across Europe
• New reforms such as
• installing new governments that abolished titles of
nobility
• ending Church privileges
• opening careers to men of talent
• ending serfdom and manorial dues
• reduced trade barriers
• stimulated industry
Impact of Nationalism
• While nationalism spurred on French armies it also
worked against them too
• Even though many Europeans welcomed the ideas
of the French Revolution they still saw Napoleon
and his armies as foreign oppressors
• They resented the Continental System
• They resented the effort to impose French culture
• Throughout Europe nationalism unleashed revolts
against
Resistance in Spain
• Resistance to France forced the need for large numbers of
Napoleon’s troops
• In 1808 Napoleon
• replaced the king of Spain with his brother Joseph
Bonaparte.
• sought to undermine the Spanish Catholic Church
• When the Spanish people resisted French forces responded
with brutal force which further inflamed Spanish nationalism
and efforts to drive the French out intensified
• Spanish patriots conducted guerilla warfare or hit and run
raids against the French (in Spanish guerrilla means little war
• The numerous attacks kept large numbers of French soldiers
in Spain when they were need elsewhere
• Then the British sent an army under Duke of Wellington to
help the Spanish fight France
Goya’s Third of May
War With Austria
• Encouraged by Spanish resistance Austria resumed
hostilities but was defeated
• The peace agreement gave Napoleon lands
populated by 3 million subjects
• Next Napoleon divorced Josephine his wife and
married the Hapsburg princess Marie Louise
• By marrying the daughter of the Hapsburg emperor
Napoleon and his heirs could claim kinship with the
royalty of Europe
•
History channel: Nap. Strategies: 4 min: http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/napoleons-strategicgenius?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
Defeat in Russia
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Concerns of Czar Alexander I of Russia
Napoleon’s alliance with the Austrian royal family
economic effects of the Continental System
Napoleon had enlarged the Grand Duchy of Warsaw that bordered Russia
These concerns caused the Czar to withdraw from the Continental System
In 1812 Napoleon responded by invading Russia
Trying to avoid battles with Napoleon, Russia retreated using the “scorched
earth ” policy by destroying anything that could be used by Napoleon’s
army leaving the French hungry and cold as the Russian winter came
When Napoleon entered Moscow he realized he could not feed and supply
his army through the long Russian winter so in October he turned to make
the 1,000 mile trip
Only 10,000 of the original 400,000 men survived
“General Winter and General Famine”, rather than Russian bullets have
conquered the Grand Army”
Napoleon rushed home to Paris to raise a new force
• History Channel invasion of Russia 5 min: http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/napoleon-invadesrussia?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
Downfall Exile and Return of
Napoleon
• The disaster in Russia
brought a new
alliance of Prussia,
Britain, Austria, and
Russia a weakened
France
• In 1813, they defeated
Napoleon in the
Battle of Leipzig
• Napoleon abdicated or stepped
down from power and the victors
exiled him to the island of Elba
• They then recognized Louis XVIII as
king of France
• Restoration of the king did not go
smoothly. While he agreed to honor
many reforms many émigrés
returned bent of revenge, there was
an economic depression, and the
fear of the old regime rekindled
loyalty to Napoleon
• Napoleon escaped from Elba and
returns to France with soldiers
flocking to him
• As Napoleon advances to a cheering
crowd Louis XVIII flees
Battle of Waterloo
• Napoleon will rule only for 100 days
• The allies reassembled their troops and the armies
met near the town of Waterloo in Belgium
• British and Prussian forces crushed the French in a
day long battle
• Again Napoleon was forced into exile and go to St
Helena on the island in South Atlantic and this time
he would not return
•
History Channel death of Nap. 4 min: http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/the-death-ofnapoleon?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
Legacy of Napoleon
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Napoleon died in 1821 but historians have long debated his legacy
Some of this changes / impacts in France
Napoleonic Code
A centralized state with a constitution
Elections were expanded
Many more citizens had right to property and access to education
The French also lost many rights promised to them
Changes / impacts in Europe
spread ideas of the revolution
while he failed to build a French Empire he did spark nationalist feelings
across Europe
• the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire would lead to the creation of a
Germany
• sold the US the Louisiana Territory and doubling the size of the US
•
Louisiana Purchase
Congress of Vienna /
Gathering of Leaders
• Diplomats and heads of
sate sat down at the
Congress of Vienna
• to restore the stability
and order in Europe
• The Congress met for 10
months
• While many enjoyed the
entertainment of it hosted
by Francis I of Austria the
real was done by Prince
Clemens von Metternich
of Austria, Czar Alexander
of Russia and Lord Robert
Castlereagh of Britain,
France was represented by
Prince Charles Tallyrand
Goals of the Congress
• The chief goal was to create a lasting peace by
establishing a balance of power and protecting the
system of monarchy
• Each leaders had their own goals
• Metternich: dominate figure at the Congress, wanted
to restore the status quo or the way things are of 1792
• Alexander wanted a Holy Alliance of Christian
monarchs to suppress future revolutions
• Castlereagh wanted to prevent a revival of French
military power
• Tallyrand shrewdly worked to get defeated France
accepted as an equal power
Balance of Power
• The Congress redrew the map of Europe
• To keep France contained they surrounded it with
stronger countries
• Northward: added Belgium and Luxembourg to
Holland and created the Netherlands
• East: they gave Prussia lands along the Rhine River
• They allowed Austria to reassert control over
northern Italy
Restoration of Monarchs
• The architects of the peace promoted the principle
of legitimacy, restoring hereditary monarchs that
the French Revolution or Napoleon unseated
• “Legitimate” monarchs were restored in Portugal,
Spain and the Italian states
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTTvKwCylF
Y&index=29&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9
Problems of the Peace
• To protect the new order Austria, Russian Prussia
and Great Britain, created the Quadruple Alliance
• They pledged to act together to maintain the
balance of power and to suppress revolutionary
uprisings
• The Congress failed to foresee how powerful the
new force of Nationalism was and redrew the new
boundaries without concern for national cultures.
• EX: Germany was the loosely organized German
Confederation with Austria as its head but Germans
wanted a united German nation
Cause and effect of French Revolution
Looking Ahead
• The Congresses framework for peace would
influence European politics for the next 100 years
and would see no large wars until 1914
• The French Revolution: From Louis XVI to Napoleon
• 4min
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IF4lPWU_qxY