Download Kingdom Archaebacteria

Background
• 2 of the 6 kingdoms
encompass all
prokaryotic cells
– Have no nucleus
– No membrane bound
organelles
– Circular DNA (plasmid)
– Reproduce sexually and
asexually
– Examples:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
•
In 1970 Carl Woese and his team of scientists
found out that not all bacteria was closely
related in fact they needed to be divided into
different groups. Bacteria and Archae.
There are 3 domains that encompass all
organisms.
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
5 common characteristics used for
comparison among living organisms:
•
•
•
•
•
Cell type – prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
Cell wall – make-up
Body type – unicellular vs. multicellular
Nutrition – autotrophic vs. heterotrophic
Reproduction – sexual vs. asexual
The Domain
Archaea
• “ancient” bacteria
• Some of the first
archaebacteria
were discovered
in Yellowstone
National Park’s
hot springs and
geysers.
Basic Facts
• They live in extreme environments
– hot springs or salty lakes) and normal
environments (like soil and ocean water).
• All are unicellular
• No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
• Extremophiles
• The Cell Walls, Cell Membranes, and
Ribosomal RNA are different from
those of other BACTERIA.
Extremophiles
• Don’t need oxygen to survive
• They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
• They can survive enormous temperature
extremes
• They can survive high doses of radiation
(radioactivity)
• They can survive under rocks and in ocean
floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
• They can tolerate huge pressure differences
Archaebacteria Types
Methanogens
sewage
Thermoacidophiles
Hot springs
Great salt lakes
Extreme Halophiles
Methanogens
• They release methane
(CH4) as a waste
product
• Live in anoxic
conditions
• Areas of water that
lack dissolved oxygen
– Wetlands, swamps
• Digestive tract of
animals or humans
responsible for the gas
emitted via belch
Thermoacidophiles
• Live in the dark
• Live without oxygen
• Like temperature and pH extremes
–
–
–
–
Temps as high as 110ºC (230ºF)
Temps as low as 1ºC
Acidic pH 2
Alkali pH 9
• Chemoautotrophs
Thermo = temperature
Acidophil = acid loving
Other thermoacidophiles like to live in hot springs or
geysers. Hot springs are pools of hot water that have
moved toward earth's surface. The source of their
heat is the hot magma beneath and they can reach
temperatures as high as 400 degrees Fahrenheit
Black Smokers
In extreme temperatures and pressures,
this is where some thermoacidophiles
like to live.
http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm
Old Faithful erupts more frequently than
any of the other big geysers. Its average
interval between eruptions is about 91
minutes. An eruption lasts 1 1/2 to 5
minutes, expels 3,700 - 8,400 gallons of
boiling water, and reaches heights of
106 - 184 feet.
Halophiles
• Can live in water with
salt concentrations
exceeding 15%
– The ocean’s
concentration is
roughly 4%
• Live in Great Salt
Lake, Dead Sea and
evaporated
• Halo = salt
phil = loving
The Great Salt Lake in Utah
The Great Salt Lake in Utah
• Great Salt Lake is
actually three to five
times saltier than the
ocean.
• Every year,
members of the salt
industry extract
about 2.5 million
tons of sodium
chloride from the
lake.
• The Great Salt Lake
has no fish.
Kingdom
Eubacteria
“true bacteria”
• Bacteria and
archaea have
similar
structures.
– plasmid
– flagellum
– pili
pili
plasma
membrance
chromosome
cell wall
plasmid
This diagram shows the typical structure
of a prokaryote. Archaea and bacteria
look very similar, although they have
important molecular differences.
flagellum
• Bacteria commonly come in three forms.
–rod-shaped, called bacilli
– spherical, called cocci
–spiral, called spirilla or spirochetes
Lactobacilli: rod-shaped
• Archaea have many shapes.
Spirochaeta: spiral
Enterococci: spherical
Obtaining Energy
• Most scientists classify bacteria based on
how they obtain energy:
Photosynthesizers- use sunlight to produce
their own food/energy
Chemoautotrophs- breakdown chemicals
in the soils for food/energy
Heterotrophs- eat/digest other organisms for
food/energy
REPRODUCTION
1. Asexual – binary fission (single
cell splits into 2 identical new cells)
2. Sexual – conjugation
– trading DNA
conjugation
bridge
TEM; magnification
• Gram staining identifies bacteria.
GRAM NEGATIVE
GRAM POSITIVE
– stains polymer peptidoglycan
– gram-positive stains purple, more
peptidoglycan
– gram-negative stains pink, less
peptidoglycan
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of
peptidoglycan and stain red.
Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker
peptidoglycan layer and stain purple.
Prokaryotes provide nutrients to humans
and other animals.
• Prokaryotes live in
digestive systems of
animals.
– make vitamins
– break down food
– fill niches
Bacteria help ferment many foods
– yogurt, cheese
– pickles, sauerkraut
– soy sauce, vinegar
Prokaryotes play important roles
in ecosystems.
• Prokaryotes have many
functions in ecosystems.
– photosynthesize
– recycle carbon, nitrogen,
hydrogen, sulfur
– fix nitrogen
– Bacteria can be used in mines
to breakdown the surrounding
rock and leave behind the
useful ore/metal.
– Used to breakdown chemical/oil
spills
Bacteria are harmful in two ways:
1.
#1 - Bacteria can
metabolize their host by
using different parts of the
body as their food source.
Tuberculosis is a less common
bacterial infection that attacks the
lungs of humans.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is
the bacteria that uses the lung
tissue as a food source.
The warm, moist environment
allows the bacteria to
reproduce and populate
the lungs.
#2 - Bacteria cause disease by secreting chemical
compounds called toxins into their environment.
Humans are most affected when food is not properly
prepared. Food poisoning is the common name
given to people who get severely sick after eating
something that wasn’t cooked well.
• In 1928, Alexander
Fleming noticed a fungus
growing on a Petri plate
that was growing bacteria.
– He saw that the bacteria did
not grow near the fungus.
– He concluded that the
fungus was secreting a
substance that killed the
bacteria.
• He later called the
secretion penicillin.
– Penicillin is one of many
medicines that help fight
bacterial infections.
Antibiotics