Download Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bioterrorism

2
Infection Control
Lesson 4:
Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bioterrorism
Lesson Objectives




Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to …
Discuss the modes of transmission for the different types of
hepatitis.
Describe the means of transmission for HIV.
Explain the term MRSA and the repercussions in health care
today.
Define bioterrorism
Hepatitis A (HAV)
 Acute infective hepatitis
 fecal waste contaminates food or water
supply
 Incubation period: 14 to 50 days
 Vaccination is available
Symptoms of Hepatitis
 Fever
 Loss of appetite
 Jaundice
 Nausea and vomiting
 Malaise
 Dark urine
 Whitish stool
Hepatitis B (HBV)
 via blood, semen, saliva, and breast milk
 Potentially fatal disease
 sexual intercourse
Hepatitis B (HBV)
 The incubation period is 60 to 90 days
with a rapid onset of s/sx
Symptoms and Treatment of
Hepatitis B (HBV)
 May have no signs or symptoms
 similar symptoms as HAV
 lifelong infection
 Treatment is a high-protein diet and
rest for several weeks
Hepatitis B Vaccine
 Routine vaccinations
 high-risk groups
Types of Hepatitis B Vaccine
 Recombivax HB
 Energix-B
 administered in three doses:
 high risk of contact with blood and
body fluids should get the
vaccination
 If refuses, a disclaimer must be signed
and placed in the employee file
HIV and AIDS (FYI)
 Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
 More than 1 million people in the
United States are living with HIV
 Worldwide, more than 34 million
people have HIV
AIDS Transmittal
AIDS can enter the body through:
•
•
•
•
•
Sex
Shared needles
Blood transfusions
Organ transplants
Body fluids entering
open wounds
• Artificial insemination
• Newborn of an
infected mother
• infant breast-fed by
an infected mother
HIV facts:
 HIV cannot survive on inanimate
objects
 HIV can survive in body fluids
 The virus can remain in cells for
months or years
FYI:
 HIV is not
transmitted through:
 Food
 Air
 Water
 Pets or insects
Developing AIDS
 It can take 12 years or more for
HIV to become AIDS
 Not all patients develop AIDS
Symptoms of AIDS
 T-Cell count <200
 Unexplained rapid weight loss
 Frequent diarrhea
 Unexplained fever, chills, and night sweats
for more than 2 weeks
 Unexplained severe fatigue
 Swelling or hardening of lymph glands
 Periods of dry coughing
Symptoms of AIDS
 Increased SOB
 purplish growths on skin or mouth
 Unexplained bleeding
 Severe numbness or pain in hands and feet
 Altered LOC, personality change
Caring for a Person with AIDS
 Use needles with
care
 Wear gloves
 wash hands
 Bandage open
sores
 Use bleach
Caring for a Person with AIDS
 To protect the patient, caregivers should:
 Wear a mask
 Wash hands
 The caregiver should also:
 Not be afraid
 Not be afraid to discuss the disease
Multidrug Resistant Organisms
(MDROs)
 Bacteria and other microorganisms
 developed resistance to antimicrobial
drugs
Risk Factors for Acquiring MDROs
 Severe illness
 Previous tx with antibiotics
 Underlying poor health
 Invasive procedures
 Advanced age
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus
Aureus (MRSA)
highly resistant to antibiotics
 Two forms :
 Hospital associated MRSA
 Community-based MRSA
S. Aureus
 found on the skin and nasal passages
 Causative agent in boils, acne
 cuts, sores, and through tubes
Symptoms of Staph Infection
 Formation of pus
 Fever
 Swelling
 Tenderness around the area of
infection
Wound Culture Chart -wb page 726
 Pt. name: Margie Martell
 Pt address: 1214 Indiana Ct
 Sex F
Redlands, CA 92374
 Insurance: None
 Wound site Left leg
 Aerobic Bacterial Culture
 DOB 9-17-1939
 Collection Time:
 No Fasting
 Collection date:
 Md ID # 345
 MD Name: Dr. Feelgood
Community-Based MRSA
(CA-MRSA)
 healthy individuals
 who share personal items
 good hygiene practices
 Using an antiseptic cream
 covering any skin breaks
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
(VRE)
 Individuals tx with vancomycin
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis
 airborne microorganism
 Affects lungs
 remains in the air for hours
 Can affect other organs
 Multidrug resistant Tb (MDR TB)
Historic Tb Film
Bioterrorism
 The deliberate release of bacteria, viruses,
or other agents
 that can cause illness and death
 Biological agents can be spread through
air, water, or food