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Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 5
How Ecosystems Work
Table of Contents
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Section 2 The Cycling of Materials
Section 3 How Ecosystems Change
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Objectives
• Describe how energy is transferred from the sun to producers
and then to consumers.
• Describe one way in which consumers depend on producers.
• List two types of consumers.
• Explain how energy transfer in a food web is more complex
than energy transfer in a food chain.
• Explain why an energy pyramid is a representation of trophic
levels.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Life Depends on the Sun
• Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem when
plants use sunlight to make sugar molecules.
• This happens through a process called
photosynthesis.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Life Depends on the Sun
• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants,
algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and
oxygen.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
From Producers to Consumers
• Because plants make their own food, they are
called producers.
• Producers are also called autotrophs, or selffeeders.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
From Producers to Consumers
• Organisms that get their energy by eating other
organisms are called consumers.
• Consumers are also called heterotrophs, or
other-feeders.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
From Producers to Consumers
• Some producers get their energy directly from
the sun by absorbing it through their leaves.
• Consumers get their energy indirectly by eating
producers or other consumers.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
An Exception to the Rule
• Deep-ocean communities of worms, clams, crabs,
mussels, and barnacles, exist in total darkness
on the ocean floor, where photosynthesis cannot
occur.
• The producers in this environment are bacteria
that use hydrogen sulfide present in the water.
• Other underwater organisms eat the bacteria or
the organisms that eat the bacteria.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
What Eats What?
• Organisms can be classified by what they eat.
• Types of Consumers:
– Herbivores
– Carnivores
– Omnivores
– Decomposers
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Burning the Fuel
• An organism obtains energy from the food it eats.
• This food must be broken down within its body.
• The process of breaking down food to yield
energy is called cellular respiration.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Burning the Fuel
• Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells
produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric
oxygen combines with glucose to form water and
carbon dioxide.
• Cellular respiration occurs inside the cells of
most organisms.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Burning the Fuel
• During cellular respiration, cells absorb oxygen
and use it to release energy from food.
• Through cellular respiration, cells use glucose
(sugar) and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide,
water, and energy.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Burning the Fuel
• Part of the energy obtained through cellular
respiration is used to carry out daily activities.
• Excess energy is stored as fat or sugar.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Energy Transfer
• Each time an organism eats another organism, an
energy transfer occurs.
• This transfer of energy can be traced by studying
food chains, food webs, and trophic levels.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Food Chains
• A food chain is a sequence in which energy is
transferred from one organism to the next as each
organism eats another organism.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Food Chains
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Food Webs
• Ecosystems, however, almost always contain
more than one food chain.
• A food web shows many feeding relationships that
are possible in an ecosystem.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Food Webs
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Trophic Levels
• Each step in the transfer of energy through a food
chain or food web is known as a trophic level.
• A trophic level is one of the steps in a food chain or
food pyramid; examples include producers and
primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Trophic Levels
• Each time energy is transferred, some of the
energy is lost as heat.
• Therefore, less energy is available to organisms
at higher trophic levels.
• One way to visualize this is with an energy
pyramid.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Trophic Levels
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Trophic Levels
• Each layer of the pyramid represents one trophic
level.
• Producers form the base of the energy pyramid,
and therefore contain the most energy.
• The pyramid becomes smaller toward the top,
where less energy is available.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Energy Loss Affects Ecosystems
• Decreasing amounts of energy at each trophic
level affects the organization of an ecosystem.
– Energy loss affects the number of organisms
at each level.
– Energy loss limits the number of trophic levels
in an ecosystem.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
Objectives
•
List the three stages of the carbon cycle.
•
Describe where fossil fuels are located.
•
Identify one way that humans are affecting the carbon cycle.
•
List the tree stages of the nitrogen cycle.
•
Describe the role that nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in the nitrogen
cycle.
•
Explain how the excess use of fertilizer can affect the nitrogen and
phosphorus cycles.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Carbon Cycle
• The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon from
the nonliving environment into living things and back
• Carbon is the essential component of proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates, which make up all
organisms.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Carbon Cycle
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Carbon Cycle
• Carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms.
– Producers convert carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere into carbohydrates during
photosynthesis.
– Consumers obtain carbon from the
carbohydrates in the producers they eat.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Carbon Cycle
• During cellular respiration, some of the carbon is
released back into the atmosphere as carbon
dioxide.
• Some carbon is stored in limestone, forming one
of the largest “carbon sinks” on Earth.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Carbon Cycle
• Carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat,
oils, or other molecules, may be released into the
soil or air when the organisms dies.
• These molecules may form deposits of coal, oil,
or natural gas, which are known as fossil fuels.
• Fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of
organisms that dies millions of years ago.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
How Humans Affect the Carbon Cycle
• Humans burn fossil fuels, releasing carbon into
the atmosphere.
• The carbon returns to the atmosphere as carbon
dioxide.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
How Humans Affect the Carbon Cycle
• Increased levels of carbon dioxide may contribute
to global warming.
• Global warming is an increase in the temperature
of the Earth.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Nitrogen Cycle
• The nitrogen cycle is the process in which nitrogen
circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and
animals in an ecosystem.
• All organisms need nitrogen to build proteins,
which are used to build new cells.
• Nitrogen makes up 78 percent of the gases in the
atmosphere.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen must be altered, or fixed, before
organisms can use it.
• Only a few species of bacteria can fix
atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds
that can be used by other organisms.
• These bacteria are known as “nitrogen-fixing”
bacteria.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are bacteria that convert
atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.
• These bacteria live within the roots of plants called
legumes, which include beans, peas, and clover.
• The bacteria use sugar provided by the legumes to produce
nitrogen containing compounds such as nitrates.
• Excess nitrogen fixed by the bacteria is released into the
soil.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Nitrogen Cycle
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
Decomposers and the Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen stored within the bodies of living things is
returned to the nitrogen cycle once those
organisms die.
• Decomposers break down decaying plants and
animals, as well as plant and animal wastes.
• After decomposers return nitrogen to the soil,
bacteria transform a small amount of the nitrogen
into nitrogen gas, which then returns to the
atmosphere to complete the nitrogen cycle.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Phosphorus Cycle
• Phosphorus is an element that is part of many molecules
that make up the cells of living organisms.
• Plants get the phosphorus they need from soil and water,
while animals get their phosphorus by eating plants or
other animals that have eaten plants.
• The phosphorus cycle is the cyclic movement of
phosphorus in different chemical forms from the
environment to organisms and then back to the
environment.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Phosphorus Cycle
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Phosphorus Cycle
• Phosphorus may enter soil and water when rocks erode.
Small amounts of phosphorus dissolve as phosphate,
which moves into the soil.
• Plants absorb phosphates in the soil through their roots.
• Some phosphorus washes off the land and ends up in the
ocean.
• Because many phosphate salts are not soluble in water,
they sink to the bottom and accumulate as sediment.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
Fertilizers and the Nitrogen and
Phosphorus Cycles
• Fertilizers, which people use to stimulate and maximize
plant growth, contain both nitrogen and phosphorus.
• Excessive amounts of fertilizer can enter terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems through runoff.
• Excess nitrogen and phosphorus can cause rapid growth of
algae.
• Excess algae can deplete an aquatic ecosystem of
important nutrients such as oxygen, on which fish and
other aquatic organisms depend.
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
Acid Precipitation
• When fuel is burned, large amounts of nitric oxide
is release into the atmosphere.
• In the air, nitric oxide can combine with oxygen
and water vapor to form nitric acid.
• Dissolved in rain or snow, the nitric acid falls as
acid precipitation.
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
• Ecosystems are constantly changing.
• Ecological succession is a gradual process of
change and replacement of the types of species in a
community.
• Each new community that arises often makes it
harder for the previous community to survive.
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
• Primary succession is a type of succession that
occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed
before. It begins in an area that previously did not
support life.
• Primary succession can occur on rocks, cliffs, or
sand dunes.
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
• Secondary succession occurs on a surface where
an ecosystem has previously existed. It is the
process by which one community replaces another
community that has been partially or totally
destroyed.
• Secondary succession can occur in ecosystems
that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans,
animals, or by natural process such as storms,
floods, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
• A pioneer species is a species that colonizes an uninhabited
area and that starts an ecological cycle in which many other
species become established.
• Over time, a pioneer species will make the new area
habitable for other species.
• A climax community is the final, stable community in
equilibrium with the environment.
• Even though a climax community may change in small
ways, this type of community may remain the same through
time if it is not disturbed.
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
• Natural fires caused by lightning are a necessary
part of secondary succession in some
communities.
• Minor forest fires remove accumulations of brush
and deadwood that would otherwise contribute to
major fires that burn out of control.
• Some animal species also depend on occasional
fires because the feed on the vegetation that
sprouts after a fire has cleared the land.
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
• Old-field succession is a type of secondary
succession that occurs when farmland is
abandoned.
• When a farmer stops cultivating a field, grasses
and weeds quickly grow and cover the
abandoned land.
• Over time, taller plants, such as perennial
grasses, shrubs, and trees take over the area.
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
• Primary succession can occur
– on new islands created by volcanic eruptions
– in areas exposed when a glacier retreats
– any other surface that has not previously
supported life
• Primary succession is much slower than
secondary succession. This is because it begins
where there is no soil.
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Ecological Succession
• The first pioneer species to colonize bare rock
will probably be bacteria and lichens, which can
live without soil.
• The growth of lichens breaks down the rock,
which with the action of water, begins to form
soil.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Bellringer
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
A Food Chain
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
A Food Web
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
Bellringer
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Carbon Cycle
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Nitrogen Cycle
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
The Phosphorus Cycle
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Bellringer
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
Secondary Succession; Old-Field
Succession
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. How does energy move through most ecosystems on
Earth?
A. from the sun to consumers to producers
B. from the sun to producers to consumers to
decomposers
C. from the sun to decomposers to producers to
consumers
D. from the sun to consumers to producers back to
consumers
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. How does energy move through most ecosystems on
Earth?
A. from the sun to consumers to producers
B. from the sun to producers to consumers to
decomposers
C. from the sun to decomposers to producers to
consumers
D. from the sun to consumers to producers back to
consumers
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements indicates an understanding of
the importance of energy to life on Earth?
F. Many organisms on Earth require energy for their life
processes.
G. Energy is required for the most important life processes
on Earth.
H. All organisms on Earth require energy for their life
processes.
I. The most important organisms on Earth require energy
for their life processes.
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements indicates an understanding of
the importance of energy to life on Earth?
F. Many organisms on Earth require energy for their life
processes.
G. Energy is required for the most important life processes
on Earth.
H. All organisms on Earth require energy for their life
processes.
I. The most important organisms on Earth require energy
for their life processes.
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What role do bacteria play during the nitrogen cycle?
A. Bacteria store nitrogen in wastes.
B. Bacteria convert nitrogen into water.
C. Bacteria turn nitrogen into phosphates.
D. Bacteria transform nitrogen into molecules.
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What role do bacteria play during the nitrogen cycle?
A. Bacteria store nitrogen in wastes.
B. Bacteria convert nitrogen into water.
C. Bacteria turn nitrogen into phosphates.
D. Bacteria transform nitrogen into molecules.
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the process that breaks down food to yield
energy called?
F. cellular digestion
G. cellular respiration
H. decomposition
I. photosynthesis
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the process that breaks down food to yield
energy called?
F. cellular digestion
G. cellular respiration
H. decomposition
I. photosynthesis
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use this map to answer question 5.
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What continent has the lowest percentage of carbon
dioxide output?
A. Asia
B. Australia
C. Europe
D. North America
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What continent has the lowest percentage of carbon
dioxide output?
A. Asia
B. Australia
C. Europe
D. North America
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use this map to answer question 6.
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. What regions are responsible for the highest
percentage of carbon dioxide output?
F. developed regions in the western hemisphere
G. developed regions in the eastern hemisphere
H. developing regions in the western hemisphere
I. developing regions in the eastern hemisphere
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. What regions are responsible for the highest
percentage of carbon dioxide output?
F. developed regions in the western hemisphere
G. developed regions in the eastern hemisphere
H. developing regions in the western hemisphere
I. developing regions in the eastern hemisphere
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Which of the following shows an effect on the carbon
cycle of the increased burning of fossil fuels?
A. More carbonates remain in fossil fuels.
B. More carbon dioxide is absorbed by organisms.
C. More carbon dioxide is absorbed by the atmosphere.
D. More carbohydrates remain buried deep in the
ground.
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Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Which of the following shows an effect on the carbon
cycle of the increased burning of fossil fuels?
A. More carbonates remain in fossil fuels.
B. More carbon dioxide is absorbed by organisms.
C. More carbon dioxide is absorbed by the atmosphere.
D. More carbohydrates remain buried deep in the
ground.
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
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Chapter 17
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
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Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
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Chapter 5
Section 2 The Cycling of
Materials
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Chapter 5
Section 3 How Ecosystems
Change
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