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2
1
3
4
Note the reduced nodule size and nodule number in photos 2 and 3
(Paecilomyces Lilacinus , Copper Sulfate) and the increased nodule
size and nodule number in photos 6,7 and 8 ( Chitin, Chitin +
Pasteuria Penetrans and Chitin +Clove Oil )
6
5
7
8
Photos taken by author
Discussion
• The data supported Tilka(06), showing that biocontrols can limit SCN and the
development of SCN resistance
• The results concurred with Tian(07), that Chitin stimulates bacteria like Rhizobium
and Pasteuria Penetrans which are beneficial to soy
• The data supported Concibido(04), that heavy metal pesticides not only harm
Rhizobium populations but other plant functions
•The data agreed with Chen (08), showing that damage to Rhizobium populations
caused reduced nodulation and nitrogen content which resulted in diminished plant
health
•The data refuted Dickson(04), showing that Paecilomyces Lilacinus reduces
Rhizobium populations and therefore negatively affects plant health
Limitations
•C.elegans had to be used as a model organism for SCN
•The plants were grown in a greenhouse instead of a farm environment
Conclusion
•The alternate hypothesis was supported by the data
•The data showed that biocontrols can be combined (Chitin, Pasteuria Penetrans) to
increase their effectiveness
•Resistant Rhizobium cannot completely the eliminate negative effects of pesticides on
plants
Future Studies
•Different types of pesticides could be used
•Different concentrations of pesticides could be used
•SCN or Root Knot nematodes could be used as the parasite instead of a model organism
Selected References
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Abstract. Tropical Ecology 21 (2005): 103.
•Bjedov, Ivana. "Stress-Induced Mutagenesis in Bacteria." Science 300 (2003): 1404-1409. 13
May 2007.
•Biggs, Alton. Biology. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, 2004. 293-300.
•Bleifield, Maurice. Barron's Biology. New York: Barron_Educational Series. 217-220.
•Boven, Van. Segregation Distortion in a Deme-Structured Population: Opposing
•Bremer, Eric. "Nitrogen Benefits From Rhizobia." Micro Biology 14 (1996).
•Demands of Gene , Individual and Group Selection. Evolutionary Biology 12 (1999): 80-93.
Abstract.
•De Bruin, Jason. "Soil Microbiota Effects on Rye Growth Implications for Integration of a Rye
Cover Crop Into Temperate Cropping Systems." Abstract. Renewable Agriculture and Food
Systems 21 (2007): 245-252.
•Driscoll, Charles. "Nitrogen Pollution in the U.S." BioScience 53 (2003): 357-361.
•Keymer, Juan. "Bacterial Metapopulations in Nanofabricated Landscape." Physical Sciences
103 (2006): 172-185. 16 May 2007.
•Laird, Patricia. "Root Nodulation." Microbes 68 (2002): 143-146.
•Laguerre,G. Microbiology and Ecology 52 (2006): 3. Abstract. Response of
Rhizobial Populations to Moderate Copper Stress Applied to an Agricultural
Soil Epub (2006): 426-435
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Southern Minnesota Soybean Fields, Journal of Nematology, 31 (4),
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Papers at the XVIth International Symposium, p. 161, (1982).
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javanica by Hirsutella rhossiliensis in Microplots over Two Growing
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•Timper, P., et al., Infection of Pratylenchus penetrans by Nematodepathogenic Fungi, Journal of Nematology, 25 (2), pp. 297-302, (1993).
•Velvis, H., et al., Suppression of potato cyst nematode root penetration by
the endoparasitic nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis, European
Journal of Plant Pathology, 102, pp. 115-122, (1996).
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Nematodes, J. Agric. Entomol., 2(1), pp. 130-134, (Jan. 1985).