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D.N.A Root Word – COGN (To Know) Why is carbon important to the human body? Identify the functional group(s) in the molecule below H H O N C C H R O-H AP Biology ANNOUNCEMENTS Complete Ch. 3 Guided Reading on wikispace AP Biology Why study Functional Groups? These are the building blocks for biological molecules …and that comes next! AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids AP Biology Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain monomers building blocks repeated small units H 2O covalent bonds HO H HO H Dehydration synthesis HO AP Biology H How to build a polymer Synthesis You gotta be open to “bonding! joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH– other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O H 2O requires energy & enzymes HO H Dehydration synthesis HO H enzyme Condensation reaction AP Biology HO H How to break down a polymer Breaking up is hard to do! Digestion use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H2O is split into H+ and OH– H+ & OH– H2O attach to ends requires enzymes HO releases energy H enzyme Hydrolysis AP Biology Digestion HO H HO H Any Questions?? AP Biology 2007-2008 CH2OH H O H OH H H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates energy molecules AP Biology 2006-2007 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH22O) O)xx C66H12 O (CH 12 66 Function: energy raw materials materials energy storage structural Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose AP Biology sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) CH2OH H O H OH 6H HO H AP Biology OH Glucose H CH2OH OH C O H HO H 5 OH O H HO H Ribose H H H C OH C 3OH H Glyceraldehyde Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone AP Biology Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutions in biology? In cells! AP Biology Carbons are numbered Numbered carbons C 6' 5' C O 4' C C1' energy stored in C-C bonds C3' AP Biology C2' Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch AP Biology CH2OH H O H OH H H OH HO Glucose H OH Building sugars Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides | glucose AP Biology H2O | glucose disaccharide | maltose glycosidic linkage Building sugars Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides | glucose AP Biology H2O | fructose disaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi) AP Biology Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose isomers of glucose structure determines function… AP Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest enzyme AP Biology Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have not that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage AP Biology But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this stuff?! Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Caprophage Ruminants Regents Biology Tell Ime about eat the rabbits, WHAT! again, George! EAT Let’s build X some Carbohydrates! Regents Biology 2006-2007