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Transcript
Of Living Things Part 2: A brief overview of the current classification system through the 5 kingdoms Kingdom Monera •Otherwise known as Bacteria. •All bacteria are single celled and are known as prokaryotes. •They are the only kingdom that do not have a membrane bound nucleus. •They have a cell wall. •There are more than 5,000 different kinds of bacteria, and are thought to be the first living things on Earth more than 3500 million years ago. •They can live successfully in areas where other living things cannot, such as in very salty places, or places without light. •Only a few bacteria cause disease, many are a necessary part to life on earth as they can decompose dead matter. •They consist of two main groups, Cyanobacteria and Eubacteria. Kingdom Monera Cyanobacteria •Photosynthesizing bacteria •Don’t have flagella or cilia •Eg. Stromotolites Eubacteria •‘True’ bacteria •Detrivors/parasites •Can cause disease but we can immunize or take preventative measures such as good hygiene to avoid them •Used to make yogurt and cheeses Kingdom Monera Bacillus megabacterium live in soil and are large - as their name suggests! They excrete valuable chemicals into the soil. X7,400 Some flagellated bacteria. Their shape gives them the name bacilli Circular bacteria are called cocci. Kingdom Protista •These organisms are composed of one or more eukaryotic cells. •They lack the features, or have a mixture of features that make up plants, animals or fungi. •They live in, around or near water. •They can be divided into three main groups, Protozoa; Algae and Others. Zoologists once classified protozoa as animals and botanists once classed algae as plants. •Animals may have evolved from protozoa and plant cells may have evolved from algae. The name ‘protozoa’ means ‘first animals’ Kingdom Protista Protozoa Algae Others •Animal like (‘zoa’ means ‘zoo’) •Can have chloroplasts •Chloroplasts •All single celled •All have plastids •Some have flagella •Cell walls •No cell wall •Eg. Spirogyra and phytoplankton •No chloroplasts •Some cause disease, but most are harmless •Eg. Amoeba and paramecium •Can be autotroph or heterotroph •No cell wall •Eg. Euglena and slime molds Kingdom Protista Protozoa Paramecium is a single celled animal that moves through the water by waving its cilia. They live in lakes, oceans and rivers. x650 Kingdom Protista Protozoa Pseudopods Amoeba proteus •moves via the extention and contraction of a pseudopod •live in moist soil or watery environment •up to 600µm in length •single nucleus Amoeba is engulfing its dinner •carnivore - feeds on bacteria and other protists by engulfing them •not so common in nature, more popular in the lab! Kingdom Protista Algae Spirogyra •consists of fine hair like strands •lives in quiet waters or shorelines •chloroplasts for photosynthesis •can reproduce sexually or asexually Kingdom Protista Euglena x20 E.acus •found in ponds, pools, puddles and birdbaths •40µm •chloroplasts •flagella •red eye spot •reproduce by fission like those here •can be red also - E.rubra Eye spots Kingdom Fungi •Most fungi are multicellular like mushrooms, but some can be unicellular like yeast. •Most have cell walls made of chitin. •They develop from spores produced by a single parent. •There are 4 main groups; oomycota or water molds, basidiomycota, ascomycota and zygomycota. Kingdom Fungi Oomycota •Watermolds •Live in soils •Eg. Potatoe blight Basidiomycota Ascomycota •Largest and most well known •Blue green mold on bread •Eg. Mushrooms and bracket fungi •Eg. Yeast Zygomycota •Eg. Black bread molds Budding scar Kingdom Fungi •Phylum Ascomycota •Yeast is used in making wine, beer and bread. •These fungal microorganisms digest sugar and excrete alcohol. •The yeast on the bottom is making a copy of itself by budding. This is a form of asexual reproduction. You can see budding ‘scars’ on the other yeasts. X10,000 Budding yeast Kingdom Fungi Phylum Ascomycota. Genus Penicillin •Grows on bread or fruit this one is growing on an apple. •Most moldy food is undesirable, but some, like Roquefort cheese are ripened and given their characteristic flavours and textures by fungi (P.roquefortii). Kingdom Fungi •Phylum Ascomycota •Pale bread mold. •The drug penicillin is made from this fungus. It stops infections in people by preventing bacteria from clinging to cell walls. X1,600 Kingdom Fungi Spores being expelled from fungi •Phylum Zygomycota Genus Aspergillus. •Grows on breads and nuts. •Mycelia are white or yellow with black spores. Mycelia Earth-star, or Geastrum indicum. Young specimen on the right. When mature they open outer layer to reveal thinskinned spore containing sac. Kingdom Fungi Phlebopus marginatus, is one of the largest. Can be 1m in diameter. Western Victoria records heaviest at 29kg. Have olive-brown spores. Mycena sanguinolenta gets its name from the blood-red juice it excretes from the slender stems when they are broken. Stereum rugosum, is a bracket fungus and can usually be found on dead trees. Phylum Basidiomycota Which two kingdoms can you see living here? •Bacteria and fungi will live almost anywhere. Here they live together on a kitchen sponge. Which is which? •The bacteria look like round ‘blobs’ and the fungi look like ‘threads’ X1,000 Kingdom Plantae Phaeophyta •Brown algae •No true roots, instead has a holdfast •No true leaves but instead has blade Spermopsida •Plants with seeds Bryophyta Tracheophyta •Mosses and liverworts •Vascular plants with a xylem and phloem •Small and grow in damp places •Have adapted to living on land Pteropsida •Ferns •Spores (under leaves) instead of seeds •Appear early in fossil record •Have true roots, stems, leaves Coniferophyta (gymnospermsnaked seeds) •Needle like leaves •Very tall •Can live in dry climates •No flowers or fruit •Eg. Pine trees Monocotyledons •Thin parallel veins in leaves Magnoliophyta (angiosperms-flowering plants) •Most abundant group. Make up 6x all other plants •Highly adaptive to many environments; deserts, alpine regions, salt marches •Important to humans from eating their fruit to making cotton garments. Dicotyledons •Leaf veins networked •2 embryonic leaves •1 embryonic leaf •Usually larger than monocots •Eg. Grasses, bulbs •Eg. Most trees Kingdom Animalia Porifera •Eg. Sponges •Mostly marine Phylum Annelida Nematoda Mollusca •Eg. Earth worms and leeches •Eg. Roundworms •Segmented bodies •Mouth and anus •Eg. Snails, mussels, clams, octopus •True gut •Parasitic elephantitis •No true organs •Circulatory system Cnidaria •Soft body, hard shell Vertebrata/ Chordata •Eg. Humans •Have a spinal cord •Well developed nervous system Platyhelminthes Arthropoda Echinodermata •Eg. Coral, jelly fish, sea anemones •Eg. Tape worms •Eg. Insects, spiders, crustaceans •Eg. Sea stars •Sting prey with tenticles •Only a mouth, no anus •Parasitic, flat shape •Exoskeleton •Jointed appendages •Spiney skin •Penta-radial symmetry •Mouth in middle of body Kingdom Animalia Porifera Annelida Cnidaria Nematoda Class Arthropod Mollusca Echinodermata Platyhelminthes Vertebrata/ Chordata Arthropoda Arachnida Insecta Crustcea Chilopoda Diplopoda •Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites •Pupa/cocoon •Crayfish, lobsters, crabs, shrimps •Centipedes •Millipedes •Carnivorous •Feed on decaying matter •Predators and parasites •1x106 species •Head-one pair of antennae •Thorax-three •4 pairs of legs pairs of legs and wings •2 pairs of feeding parts •Abdomen •Usually aquatic •2 pairs antennae •3 pairs feeding appendages •Exoskeleton •Single pair of legs per segment •Double pair of legs per segment Kingdom Animalia Porifera Annelida Cnidaria - Class Vertebrata/Chrodata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata Vertebrata/ Chordata Angatha •Jawless fish •Lampreys Chondrich -thyes Osteich -thyes •Jaws •Lays eggs •Cartilage •Boney skeleton •Cartilage •Give birth to •Most fish live young eg. Salmon •Sharks, rays eels Monotremes •Egg laying – eg. platypus Amphibia •No scales Reptilia •Scales •Gills when •Exothermic young, •Crocodiles, lungs when turtles, adult lizards •Frogs, salamander Marsupials •Pouches – eg. Kangeroo, possum, koala Aves Mammalia •Feathers •Hair •Wings •Suckle young •Homeoth •Homeotherms ermic •Humans, bats, •Birds, whales,rodents etc. penguins Placentals •Suckle via Placenta It is important to note that the following cannot be added to this classification system of living things • Viruses • Viroids • Prions •Why can’t we class these things as living? Viruses •Viruses are not classed as living because they are not cells or are not made up of cells. •Even though they contain genetic material - nucleic acids in the form of DNA or RNA (stored in a protein coat), they cannot reproduce on their own without a host. It is their host that reproduces them. •They do not have organelles to be able to generate energy for metabolism. •In humans they are responsible for diseases such as measles, mumps, smallpox, yellow fever, warts, cold sores and hepatitis. •In animals they cause foot and mouth disease, and rabies. •In plants they attack tobacco, tomatoes. They can even infect bacteria.. Some Different Viruses •The adenovirus causes respiratory tract infections in animals. 10nm •Tobacco mosaic stunts the growth of tobacco plants and produces a mottled (mosaic) pattern on the leaves. •It has 252 identical proteins that make up its polyhedral capsid. At each vertex is a protein spike. •It has a helical capsid (coat) made of thousands of molecules of a single type of protein. •Its overall shape has a rigid, rod like appearance. 50nm Some More Viruses •One of the most complex viruses is the one that infects bacteria, such as this bacteriophage. 25nm •We are all familiar with the influenza virus! •This virus has a membranous envelope that is partly made from the hosts cell membrane. This makes it more infectious to the host. •It has a polyhedral head that contains the DNA. •The tail fiber attaches to the bacteria and the DNA is injected into the bacterial cell. 50nm Virons • Virons are tiny molecules of RNA that don’t have a protein coat like viruses. • They are much smaller than viruses, (no photos!) • They cause errors in the regulatory systems that control the genes of the cell. • They are associated with diseases that cause abnormalities in development such as stunted growth in plants. Prions •Prions are proteins that manage to reproduce themselves in their host. •The proteins are abnormally folded and then have the ability to infect other proteins. •They have no genetic material in them. •They attack the brain causing small holes. Humans and animals alike suffer dizziness, nausia and seizures which eventually lead to death. •Examples include ‘mad cow’ disease in humans. A. B. A - Prion protein in its normal folding configuration. B - The proposed configuration of the protein that can cause infection. The bacteria E.coli being infected with the virus bacteriophage. E.coli (has just divided into two) ____ 1µm ______ bacteriophage The End!
