Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Microbiology Chapter 10 ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Important People in Microbiology • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – Magnifying glass • Saw microorganisms from teeth for first time • Ferdinand Julius Cohn – Classified bacteria as plants – Divided bacteria into four groups ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Important People in Microbiology • Louis Pasteur – Process of fermentation • Proved bacteria causes disease From the Evolution of Preventive Medicine in the United States Army, 1607-1939. Office of the Surgeon General Department of the Army: Washington, D.C. 1968 ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Important People in Microbiology • Robert Koch – Postulated that organisms must be: • Present in all cases of disease • Isolated in pure culture • Capable of producing disease in another person or animal • Recovered again in pure culture ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Important People in Microbiology • Richard Julius Petri – Petri dish – Further developed technique for dispensing bacteria onto medium ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Groups of Microorganisms • Bacteria and virus groups – Gram stain used to differentiate • Gram positive if they keep dark purple color • Gram negative if they lose color ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bacteria • Need for oxygen – Aerobic bacteria must have oxygen to grow and live – Anaerobic bacteria are destroyed in presence of oxygen – Facultative anaerobic bacteria grow with or without oxygen present ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Tuberculosis – Bacteria found in lungs – Fatigue, fever, weight loss, and persistent cough – Airborne • Dental personnel must wear masks – Detected by skin test and/or chest x-ray – Treatment: • Antibiotics or other drugs ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Legionellosis – Gram negative, aerobic bacteria – Legionella pneumophila – Transmitted through droplets – Often associated with hotels, cruise ships, hospitals, or old cooling systems ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Diphtheria – Severe throat infection and fever • Pertussis – Respiratory disease – Mainly affects infants and young children ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Tetanus – Stiffness of jaw • “Lockjaw” ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Strep throat – Very common – Sore throat, fever, and general malaise – Streptococcus mutans • Species of same bacteria • Implicated in dental caries and endocarditis ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Staphylococcal infections – Bacteria groups grow in clusters • First line of treatment: – Antibiotics ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Anthrax – Humans can get disease through cuts in skin or eating diseased meat – Powder form • Symptoms within one to six days • Fever, weakness, and dry, hacking cough • Prevention by vaccination or antibiotic treatment before symptoms ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Chlamydiae – Microorganisms somewhere between bacteria and viruses (small in size) • Genital, eye, and lymph node infections • Most common sexually transmitted disease in U.S. • Treatment: – Antibiotics ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check • Name the various shapes of bacteria. – Bacilli (rod shaped), cocci (round or bead shaped), spirilla (S shaped), and vibrios (curved) ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Protozoa • Just below visibility of naked eye • Always dividing and changing shape • Flagella – Many have this long, threadlike appendage ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Protozoa • Amebic dysentery – Severe diarrhea • Abscesses may develop in liver – Prevalent in countries where drinking water is contaminated and poor hygiene conditions prevail ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Protozoa • Periodontal disease (protozoa and bacteria) – Both found in inflamed tissue around tooth – Protozoa found in plaque in periodontal pockets around tooth – Treatments include removal, cleaning of plaque and tissue, and oral hygiene maintenance ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Protozoa • Malaria – Symptoms during first two weeks: • Fever • Soreness at point of entry ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Rickettsiae • Parasites cannot live outside host – Lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmit disease to humans © Cengage Learning 2013 ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae • Head lice – Common among children in schools – Transmitted easily through direct contact – Eggs reproduce in hair shafts – Treatment: • Medicated shampoo • Cleaning bedding, brushes, and clothing with very hot water ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae • Rocky Mountain spotted fever – Rare, but curable – Small pink dots appear • Typhus – Rare, but treatable – Severe headache, back and limb pain, constipation, rash, and confusion ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Yeasts and Molds • Includes bread yeast, mushrooms, and bread molds • Cannot be killed by bacterial antibiotics – Made from mold, but does not act on it ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Yeasts and Molds • Candidiasis – Covered by mucus in areas such as inside of mouth or vaginal area – Treated by antibiotics Courtesy of Joseph L. Konzelman, Jr., DDS ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Yeasts and Molds • Tinea – Appearance named according to site infected • Tinea pedis – Athlete’s foot • Tinea corporis – Ringworm • Tinea unguium – White patches on toe or fingernail ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Prions • Prion (pree-on) – Proteinaceous infectious particles made of only protein • Mad Cow Disease • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Viruses • Must live inside hosts • Cannot be killed by antibiotics • Treatment primarily to ease symptoms for patient’s comfort ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Viruses • Measles – Rash and fever – Spread by airborne droplets of nasal secretions • Mumps – Swelling of parotid (salivary) glands on one or both sides – Spread by airborne droplets ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Viruses • Rubella or German measles – Rash on face may spread to trunk and limbs – Only serious when it affects women in early stages of pregnancy • May cause birth defects – Vaccines highly effective • Given to most infants at age 15 months ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Viruses • Epstein-Bar and infectious mononucleosis – Common • West Nile Virus – Seasonal – Transmitted through mosquitos ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Viruses • Poliomyelitis or polio – Attacks central nervous system • Severe paralysis a possibility ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Viruses • Chicken pox – Very common and contagious in children – Rash and fever – Spread through airborne droplets – Usually only contract once in a lifetime • Before age 10 better than being adult ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Viruses • Common cold and influenza – Treatments for fever, upset stomach, headache, and body ache – Cold • Spread through airborne droplets, contact with contaminated objects, or hand-to-hand contact ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases Caused by Viruses • Common cold and influenza – Flu • Vaccines successful in 60 percent of patients • Contagious 12 to 72 hours after symptoms appear • Spread through airborne droplets ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check • What is the name of the virus that is often seasonal and spread through the bite of a mosquito? – West Nile Virus ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) – Herpes simplex virus I (HSV I) associated with infections of lips, mouth, and face – Herpes simplex virus II (HSV II) associated with genital area • Can also be found in oral cavity ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Treatment of HSV I – Depends on type, site, and severity – Dental teams may reschedule patient if sores are apparent • Primarily for patient comfort – Although some offices may have specific policies – Many treatments readily available ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Bloodborne diseases – Hepatitis B – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • Brain damage and dementia may occur • May develop into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – No cure » Much research being done to find one ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • High-risk behavior – Injuries or sticks with sharp objects contaminated with blood or body fluid – Multiple sexual partners or unprotected sex – Sharing contaminated needles – Exposure to non-intact skin or open wound with contaminated blood or body fluid ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Viral hepatitis – Hepatitis A and E • Transmitted by personal contact or ingestion of contaminated water or food • Vaccines and boosters available for children in areas at high risk ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Viral hepatitis – Hepatitis B • Major dental concern • Transmitted mainly through needles and syringes • May or may not have symptoms – Loss of appetite, abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, weakness, muscle pain, and jaundice ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check • What diseases are the DA at risk for if accidentally stuck with a contaminated needle? – Hepatitis B, HIV, and AIDS ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How the Body Resists Diseases • Infection – Pyogenic membrane • Dam built around infected area to prevent further spread – Antibodies • Produced as final defense against foreign substances ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How the Body Resists Diseases • Infection – Antitoxins • Neutralizes toxins given off by certain bacteria • Fever – Fights off infection or pathogens • Few bacteria can survive beyond 102° F ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How the Body Resists Diseases • Inflammation – Increase in blood vessels to specific area, allowing antibodies to enter • Erythema – Redness • Heat • Edema – Swelling • Pain ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How the Body Resists Diseases • Immunity – Ability to resist disease • • • • Natural Acquired Passive acquired Active acquired – Natural acquired – Artificial acquired ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How the Body Resists Diseases • Antigen substance injected into body to stimulate specific antibodies – Allergens – Hypersensitive – Anaphylactic shock • Sometimes fatal • Requires going through patient’s health history ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check • What are the signs of inflammation? – Redness, swelling, heat, and pain ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.