Download Chapter 10 - Microbiology

Microbiology
Chapter 10
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Important People in Microbiology
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
– Magnifying glass
• Saw microorganisms from teeth for first time
• Ferdinand Julius Cohn
– Classified bacteria as plants
– Divided bacteria into four groups
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Important People in Microbiology
• Louis Pasteur
– Process of
fermentation
• Proved bacteria causes
disease
From the Evolution of Preventive Medicine in the United States Army,
1607-1939. Office of the Surgeon General Department of the Army:
Washington, D.C. 1968
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Important People in Microbiology
• Robert Koch
– Postulated that organisms must be:
• Present in all cases of disease
• Isolated in pure culture
• Capable of producing disease in another person or
animal
• Recovered again in pure culture
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Important People in Microbiology
• Richard Julius Petri
– Petri dish
– Further developed technique for dispensing
bacteria onto medium
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Groups of Microorganisms
• Bacteria and virus groups
– Gram stain used to differentiate
• Gram positive if they keep dark purple color
• Gram negative if they lose color
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bacteria
• Need for oxygen
– Aerobic bacteria must have oxygen to grow
and live
– Anaerobic bacteria are destroyed in presence
of oxygen
– Facultative anaerobic bacteria grow with or
without oxygen present
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Tuberculosis
– Bacteria found in lungs
– Fatigue, fever, weight loss, and persistent cough
– Airborne
• Dental personnel must wear masks
– Detected by skin test and/or chest x-ray
– Treatment:
• Antibiotics or other drugs
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Legionellosis
– Gram negative, aerobic bacteria
– Legionella pneumophila
– Transmitted through droplets
– Often associated with hotels, cruise ships,
hospitals, or old cooling systems
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Diphtheria
– Severe throat infection and fever
• Pertussis
– Respiratory disease
– Mainly affects infants and young children
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Tetanus
– Stiffness of jaw
• “Lockjaw”
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Strep throat
– Very common
– Sore throat, fever, and general malaise
– Streptococcus mutans
• Species of same bacteria
• Implicated in dental caries and endocarditis
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Staphylococcal infections
– Bacteria groups grow in clusters
• First line of treatment:
– Antibiotics
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Anthrax
– Humans can get disease through cuts in skin
or eating diseased meat
– Powder form
• Symptoms within one to six days
• Fever, weakness, and dry, hacking cough
• Prevention by vaccination or antibiotic treatment
before symptoms
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Chlamydiae
– Microorganisms somewhere between bacteria
and viruses (small in size)
• Genital, eye, and lymph node infections
• Most common sexually transmitted disease in U.S.
• Treatment:
– Antibiotics
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Check
• Name the various shapes of bacteria.
– Bacilli (rod shaped), cocci (round or bead
shaped), spirilla (S shaped), and vibrios
(curved)
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Protozoa
• Just below visibility of naked eye
• Always dividing and changing shape
• Flagella
– Many have this long, threadlike appendage
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Protozoa
• Amebic dysentery
– Severe diarrhea
• Abscesses may develop in liver
– Prevalent in countries where drinking water is
contaminated and poor hygiene conditions
prevail
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Protozoa
• Periodontal disease (protozoa and
bacteria)
– Both found in inflamed tissue around tooth
– Protozoa found in plaque in periodontal
pockets around tooth
– Treatments include removal, cleaning of
plaque and tissue, and oral hygiene
maintenance
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Protozoa
• Malaria
– Symptoms during first two weeks:
• Fever
• Soreness at point of entry
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Rickettsiae
• Parasites cannot live
outside host
– Lice, fleas, ticks, and
mites transmit disease
to humans
© Cengage Learning 2013
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae
• Head lice
– Common among children in schools
– Transmitted easily through direct contact
– Eggs reproduce in hair shafts
– Treatment:
• Medicated shampoo
• Cleaning bedding, brushes, and clothing with very
hot water
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
– Rare, but curable
– Small pink dots appear
• Typhus
– Rare, but treatable
– Severe headache, back and limb pain,
constipation, rash, and confusion
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Yeasts and Molds
• Includes bread yeast, mushrooms, and
bread molds
• Cannot be killed by bacterial antibiotics
– Made from mold, but does not act on it
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Yeasts and
Molds
• Candidiasis
– Covered by mucus in
areas such as inside of
mouth or vaginal area
– Treated by antibiotics
Courtesy of Joseph L. Konzelman, Jr., DDS
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Yeasts and
Molds
• Tinea
– Appearance named according to site infected
• Tinea pedis
– Athlete’s foot
• Tinea corporis
– Ringworm
• Tinea unguium
– White patches on toe or fingernail
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Prions
• Prion (pree-on)
– Proteinaceous infectious particles made of
only protein
• Mad Cow Disease
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Viruses
• Must live inside hosts
• Cannot be killed by antibiotics
• Treatment primarily to ease symptoms for
patient’s comfort
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Viruses
• Measles
– Rash and fever
– Spread by airborne droplets of nasal secretions
• Mumps
– Swelling of parotid (salivary) glands on one or
both sides
– Spread by airborne droplets
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Viruses
• Rubella or German measles
– Rash on face may spread to trunk and limbs
– Only serious when it affects women in early
stages of pregnancy
• May cause birth defects
– Vaccines highly effective
• Given to most infants at age 15 months
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Viruses
• Epstein-Bar and infectious mononucleosis
– Common
• West Nile Virus
– Seasonal
– Transmitted through mosquitos
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Viruses
• Poliomyelitis or polio
– Attacks central nervous system
• Severe paralysis a possibility
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Viruses
• Chicken pox
– Very common and contagious in children
– Rash and fever
– Spread through airborne droplets
– Usually only contract once in a lifetime
• Before age 10 better than being adult
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Viruses
• Common cold and influenza
– Treatments for fever, upset stomach,
headache, and body ache
– Cold
• Spread through airborne droplets, contact with
contaminated objects, or hand-to-hand contact
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases Caused by Viruses
• Common cold and influenza
– Flu
• Vaccines successful in 60 percent of patients
• Contagious 12 to 72 hours after symptoms appear
• Spread through airborne droplets
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Check
• What is the name of the virus that is often
seasonal and spread through the bite of a
mosquito?
– West Nile Virus
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases of Major Concern to the
Dental Assistant
• Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
– Herpes simplex virus I (HSV I) associated with
infections of lips, mouth, and face
– Herpes simplex virus II (HSV II) associated
with genital area
• Can also be found in oral cavity
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases of Major Concern to the
Dental Assistant
• Treatment of HSV I
– Depends on type, site, and severity
– Dental teams may reschedule patient if sores
are apparent
• Primarily for patient comfort
– Although some offices may have specific policies
– Many treatments readily available
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases of Major Concern to the
Dental Assistant
• Bloodborne diseases
– Hepatitis B
– Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Brain damage and dementia may occur
• May develop into acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
– No cure
» Much research being done to find one
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases of Major Concern to the
Dental Assistant
• High-risk behavior
– Injuries or sticks with sharp objects
contaminated with blood or body fluid
– Multiple sexual partners or unprotected sex
– Sharing contaminated needles
– Exposure to non-intact skin or open wound
with contaminated blood or body fluid
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases of Major Concern to the
Dental Assistant
• Viral hepatitis
– Hepatitis A and E
• Transmitted by personal contact or ingestion of
contaminated water or food
• Vaccines and boosters available for children in
areas at high risk
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diseases of Major Concern to the
Dental Assistant
• Viral hepatitis
– Hepatitis B
• Major dental concern
• Transmitted mainly through needles and syringes
• May or may not have symptoms
– Loss of appetite, abdominal pain and tenderness, fever,
weakness, muscle pain, and jaundice
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Check
• What diseases are the DA at risk for if
accidentally stuck with a contaminated
needle?
– Hepatitis B, HIV, and AIDS
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
How the Body Resists Diseases
• Infection
– Pyogenic membrane
• Dam built around infected area to prevent further
spread
– Antibodies
• Produced as final defense against foreign
substances
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
How the Body Resists Diseases
• Infection
– Antitoxins
• Neutralizes toxins given off by certain bacteria
• Fever
– Fights off infection or pathogens
• Few bacteria can survive beyond 102° F
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
How the Body Resists Diseases
• Inflammation
– Increase in blood vessels to specific area,
allowing antibodies to enter
• Erythema
– Redness
• Heat
• Edema
– Swelling
• Pain
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
How the Body Resists Diseases
• Immunity
– Ability to resist disease
•
•
•
•
Natural
Acquired
Passive acquired
Active acquired
– Natural acquired
– Artificial acquired
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
How the Body Resists Diseases
• Antigen substance injected into body to
stimulate specific antibodies
– Allergens
– Hypersensitive
– Anaphylactic shock
• Sometimes fatal
• Requires going through patient’s health history
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Check
• What are the signs of inflammation?
– Redness, swelling, heat, and pain
©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.