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Nosocomial Antibiotic Resistant Organisms Methicillin is an antibiotic related to penicillin. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria carrying an antibiotic resistance – usually staphylococci. Methicillin is deactivated by gastric acid and therefore must be given by injection. MRSA: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus This bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus) is resistant to most antibiotics; including Methicillin! It is also found in most health care facilities. MRSA is not a threat to a healthy individual. However, it is difficult to contain and easily spread; therefore is can be devastating in a health care facility. Those people at risk for MRSA are those who have the following risk factors: 1. Surgery 2. Devices used in invasive procedures 3. Burn wards or intensive care units (ICU) 4. Age (elderly are more susceptible) 5. Treatment with multiple antibiotics 6. Severe illness or disability 7. Prolonged or repeated hospital stays 8. Compromised immune system MRSA is transmitted through direct contact between health-care workers and clients. MRSA is not usually spread through the air. Health care workers are the main carriers of MRSA! (colonized vs. infected) Symptoms of a MRSA infection include: 1. Drainage from a wound 2. Fever and chills 3. Elevated white blood cell count Common sites of infection with MRSA include: 1. Respiratory Tract 2. Surgical wounds 3. Perineum or rectum 4. Skin Preventing the spread of MRSA is accomplished by: 1. Proper hand washing a. Before caring for each client b. After removing gloves c. Before leaving the client’s room 2. Following facility protocol for standard precautions Vancomycin is often referred to as the antibiotic of last resort. There are two main concerns about using Vancomycin: 1. The development of Vancomycin resistant organisms 2. Producing Vancomycin on an industrial scale. VRE: Vancomycin resistant enterococcus VRE is hard to treat and can pass on their drug-resistant genes to other organisms. Those people who are at risk for VRE are those with the following risk factors: 1. Severe illness 2. Treatment with multiple antibiotics 3. Abdominal or cardiac surgery 4. Devices used in invasive procdures 5. Age 6. ICU 7. Prolonged or repeated hospital stays 8. Compromised immune system VRE is opportunistic. It is transmitted between clients and health-care workers. (colonized vs. infected) Signs of a VRE infection are: 1. Drainage from a wound 2. Fever and chills 3. Elevated white blood cell count The spread of VRE can be prevented by: 1. Proper handwashing a. Before caring for a patient b. After removing gloves c. Before leaving a patient’s room 2. Follow facility protocol for standard precautions