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A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied,
Industrial and Biotechnical
Microbiology
Microbial manufacturing
Biotechnology Defined
• The Use of microorganisms, cells, or cell
components to make a product.
• 1/5th of the manufacturing Jobs in the Bay
area are Biotechnology related.
Microorganisms represent an
almost limitless supply of
enzymatic reactions
• May reduce the risks and complexities of
industrial syntheses
• Is less expensive
• By-products are usually less toxic
• Used in environmental cleanup (In situ)
Commercial production of
Microorganisms
• Fermentation projects (Beer and Wine)
• Biomass where the physical structure of
the microbe is wanted
– Baking yeast
– Edible forms of bacteria (spirulina)
– Single-cell protein SCP
• May concentrate toxic compounds
• Nucleic acids in large numbers are toxic
Biotransformation (Bioconversion)
• Transformation of a chemical added to the
medium into a commercially valuable
compound
Fermenter
• Are structures designed to optimize the
growth conditions of the specific
organisms that we want
– Control oxygen, ph, medium, temperature and
nutrients antifoaming
– Stirred tank reactor
– Air lift reaction
Fermentation Technology
Figure 28.10
Two types of ways to grow
• Continuous fermentation
• Batch culturing
• What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each
• Mixed culture fermentation
Bioconversions
• Example, bioconversion of steroids
– Chemical synthesis requires 37 steps
– Bioconversion requires 11 steps, reduces the
cost and shortens the time of manufacturing.
• How these processes work
• Use of immobilized cells (cells localized in
a matrix and the chemical is converted as
it flows pas the column
Microorganism and Agriculture
• Ice-minus bacteria
– Pseudomonas syringae promote ice formation at 2’C
– Scientists have used biotechnology to remove the
gene and these ice-strains can be sprayed on and
colonize.
– Is genetically altered
– EPA has stated that these bacteria use for biological
control decrease the presence of wild type bacteria
and this must be registered as pesticides. Will greatly
increase the cost of these products
• Frost Technologies corporation registered
with EPA a mixture of naturally occurring
bacteria
Microbial pesticides
• Why?
• Troubles with DDT
– Resistance by insects
– Biological magnification
– Long half life banned in 1972
Microbial pesticides represent a
“biodegradable” way to control
insects
• Over 100 microbial pathogens have been
identified for insets
• These can be genetically altered to
increase their potentency
• The genes for these toxins can be placed
in our food plants.
One such item
• Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin (BT
toxin) that is toxic to certain types of insect
larvae that feed on plants.
• Drawback only occur in sporulating cells.
• Genes were transferred to Pseudomonas
and are produced all the time.
• Work is underway to increase the range of
these toxins and to stabilize the toxins.
Baculovirus are invertebrate
specific DNA viral proteins
• Has narrow host range
• Organism continues to feed for a time after
it is infected.
Products from Microorganisms
Primary Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites
Amino Acids
Antibiotics
Vitamins
Pigments
Polysaccharides
Toxins
Ethanol
Alkaloids
Acetone and Butanol
Many pharmacological
compounds
Primary metabolites
• Are produced during an organism’s growth
phase
Primary Fermentation
Figure 28.11a
Secondary metabolites
• Are not essential to cell growth or function.
Secondary Fermentation
Figure 28.11b
Enzyme products
Enzyme
Use
Lipase
Enhances flavor in cheese making
Lactase
Lactose free milk products
Protease
Detergent additive, clear beer
Α-Amylase
High fructose corn syrup
Pectinase
Reduces cloudiness in wine/juice
TPA
Tissue Plasminogen Activator,
dissolves blood clots
Fuels
• Hydrogen from species of Clostridium and
Chlorella
• Ethanol (High cost of input, only 12%
conversion)
– High temp fermenter
– Use of green waste
Plastics
• Use of living organism to make complex
polymers
• Would all be biodegradable
• Poly beta hydroxyalkanoate
Metal Extraction
• Extraction of specific metals from flowing
water or oceans
• Use of specific transport proteins to
remove certain chemicals
Biological Leaching of Copper
Ores
Figure 28.14a
What can microorganisms do.
• Microbes can do all the things that we
currently use chemistry and energy to do,
we just do not know how to use the
microbes yet.
• In the future we will use microorganism to
• Convert waste into usable items like
energy and food.
• Harvest metals from the oceans
• Clean toxic waste
• Deal with hazardous materials that
currently cannot be contained.
Summary
• We are on a new verge of discovery, same
as the one we went through 5000 years
ago, how can we use microbes, just like
with animal and plant husbandry to make
our lives easier.
Preserving our Food
• A public health process is preserving our food.
• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
(HACCP) system
–
–
–
–
Safeguard food from farm to fork
Designed to prevent contamination
Identifying where contamination can occur
Requires monitoring
• Temperature
• For Microbes
Food Microbiology
• Preserving food is synonymous with
preventing growth of microorganisms
Modern types of food preservation
• Canning
– Steam under pressure
– Use Clostridium botulinum as a test organism
– Some endospores or thermopiles can survive
commercial sterilization
Aseptic Packaging
• Sterile contents are added to sterile
containers in an aseptic manner
Food Preservation
• Presterilized materials
assembled into
packages and
aseptically filled
(Aseptic packaging)
• Gamma radiation kills
bacteria, insects, and
parasitic worms
• High-energy electrons
Figure 28.4
Radiation and Industrial food
preservation
• Gamma radiation can be used to sterilize
food, kill insects and parasitic worms, and
prevent the sprouting of fruits and
vegetables
Discussion
• The Role of the FDA?
• http://www.fda.gov/ see video on anatomy
of an outbreak