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What does this represents? What does this represents? • http://www.pacmangame.info/ If edward can suck 1 litre of blood per minute, by how many min would all the blood be sucked? • Why do we need a transport system? • Contents and functions of blood • Blood groups • Structure of blood vessels • Structure and function of heart • How blood flow around our body? • Heart diseases The need for a transport system Food and O2 Diffusion is fast enough Wastes substances The need for a transport system The need for transport system The need for a transport system Carries Blood Carries lymph 55% - Plasma <1% - WBC and platelets 45% - RBC 90% water Pale yellowish liquid that carries blood cells and dissolved substances. 10% dissolved substances 10% dissolved substances consists….. • Soluble proteins (fibrinogen, prothrombin, anitibodies) • Food substances (glucose, amino acid, mineral salts) • Hormones ( eg: insulin) • Waste products (urea, uric acids) • Dissolved mineral salts (Ca2+ , Na+ , K+, HCO3- ) Red Blood cells (erythrocytes) • Transport O2 from the lungs to all parts of the body • Circular, biconcave disc (Increases Surface area: vol ratio to absorb O2) • Nucleus absent (to contain more haemoglobin) Red Blood cells (erythrocytes) • Elastic and can become bell-shaped to move through blood capillaries. • Contains Haemoglobin Function of red blood cells [Pg 147] • Haemoglobin – iron-containing protein that carries oxygen in RBC **Reversible In the lung, + oxygen OxyHaemoglobin Haemoglobin In actively respiring tissues - oxygen unloaded Unstable complex Why people living in high altitudes have more RBC in their blood? • Less O2 in the environment • More RBC in their blood • More Haemoglobin per unit of blood • Binds to more oxygen Red blood cells Red blood cells are produced by bone marrow. Life span of 3-4 mths. Red blood cells • Destroyed in the spleen to release haemoglobin. • Haemoglobin broken down in liver to produce iron and bile pigments. From this picture, what are the difference between RBC and WBC? csnnst White blood cells[pg 142] • White blood cells helps the body to fight infections. • Also known as leucocytes. • • • • • Larger, few in number as compared to rbc Irregular, colourless, no haemoglobin Have a nucleus. Two types of WBC Shape different During infection …[xtra] Harmful Toxins During infection…[xtra] Bind •Infects healthy cells •Causes cells to break up White blood cells(leucocytes) pg 142 Granular cytoplasm Round nucleus Lobed nucleus •Produce antibodies •Ingesting and digesting foreign particles ~Wound~ • Able to change shape and move out of the blood capillaries into spaces among tissue cells to fight infection. pg149 • Engulf (cover) and ingest (eat) bacteria by phagocyotsis. • Bacteria digested by enzymes in the phagocytes. • Enzymes found in granular vesicles. • Dead phagocytes + bacteria = Pus Bacteria infection on you? Swelling and pain • Presence of bacteria/virus stimulates the lymphocytes to produce a chemical substance known as antibodies (Ab). • **Substances that stimulate the lymphocytes to produce antibodies are known as antigen. Effects of Ab on bacteria • Ab neutralize harmful toxins. • Ab attach to bacteria cell membrane, causing bacteria to rupture. • Cause bacteria to clump together (agglutinate) for easy phagocyotsis. Ab neutralizes harmful toxins Ab attach to bacteria cell membrane, causing bacteria to rupture ‘burst open’ bacteria bacteria Cause bacteria to clump together (agglutinate) for easy phagocyotsis Bacterial clumps being phagocytosed. • Antibodies attach to viruses, making them unable to bind to host cell. Healthy human cell Why do you get chicken pox only once in your lifetime? • Ab produced are specific to the particular infection. • Stay in the blood for along time. • Immune to chicken pox. Chicken Pox Virus Why do doctors encourage breast feeding of babies? • Milk contains high amount of antibodies which protects the baby from bacterial and viral infection. During immunisation (pg 150) •Dead bacteria and altered virus injected. •induced (caused) the lymphocytes to produce antibodies specific to the virus/bacteria. Why our body cant fight against HIV virus..…[XTRA] Antigens of HIV virus ??? Organ transplant/tissue rejection[pg150] ? Unknown X Organ transplant/tissue rejection • Any organ from another person is treated as a foreign object by our body immune system. • Our lymphocytes would produce antibodies to destroy the transplant organ. How to organ transplant/tissue rejection • From our own tissues. • Obtain organ transplant from genetically related individuals. • Take immuosupressive drugs – Inhibit the production of antibodies by lymphocytes. - lower resistance to infections - longtime Phagocytosis Ab production Tissue/organ rejection Platelets(thrombocytes)[pg143] • Not a cell • Small membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm from certain bone marrow cells. • Involves in blood clotting during injury. Blood clotting process • http://www.footprintsscience.co.uk/Bloodclotting.htm Blood clotting[pg 148] Damaged tissues and platelets Releases Prothrombin Thrombokinase (inactive enzyme) Ca2+ ions Fibrinogen (soluble protein) Thrombin Thrombokinase (enzyme) Thrombin (active enzyme) Fibrin (insoluble protein) Blood clotting Damaged tissues and platelets Releases Thrombokinase (enzyme) Then through a series of enzyme catalysed reactions, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin . Blood clot • fibrin threads form a mesh, trapping red blood cells to form a blood clot. •Prevent excessive loss of blood. •Seal the wound, protecting it from infection. Blood clot • After clotting, serum is left behind. • Serum = plasma without clotting factors • Heparin prevents blood from clotting in undamaged blood vessels. • Thrombokinases neutralises the action of heparin. Haemophilia • The inability of blood to clot is known as haemophilia. • Due to the lack of clotting factors. • Consequence: slight injury results uncontrolled bleeding. The royal disease 1819-1901 Summary of functions of blood RBC Transport function O2 Plasma Blood Phagocytes Protective function WBC Platelets