Download Function of blood

What does this represents?
What does this represents?
• http://www.pacmangame.info/
If edward can suck 1 litre of blood per minute, by how
many min would all the blood be sucked?
• Why do we need a transport
system?
• Contents and functions of blood
• Blood groups
• Structure of blood vessels
• Structure and function of heart
• How blood flow around our body?
• Heart diseases
The need for a transport system
Food and
O2
Diffusion is
fast enough
Wastes
substances
The need for a transport system
The need for transport system
The need for a transport system
Carries
Blood
Carries
lymph
55% - Plasma
<1% - WBC and platelets
45% - RBC
90% water
Pale yellowish
liquid that carries
blood cells and
dissolved
substances.
10%
dissolved
substances
10% dissolved substances consists…..
• Soluble proteins
(fibrinogen, prothrombin, anitibodies)
• Food substances
(glucose, amino acid, mineral salts)
• Hormones
( eg: insulin)
• Waste products
(urea, uric acids)
• Dissolved mineral salts
(Ca2+ , Na+ , K+, HCO3- )
Red Blood cells (erythrocytes)
• Transport O2 from the
lungs to all parts of the
body
• Circular, biconcave disc
(Increases Surface area: vol
ratio to absorb O2)
• Nucleus absent
(to contain more haemoglobin)
Red Blood cells (erythrocytes)
• Elastic and can
become bell-shaped
to move through
blood capillaries.
• Contains
Haemoglobin
Function of red blood cells [Pg 147]
• Haemoglobin – iron-containing protein that
carries oxygen in RBC
**Reversible
In the lung,
+ oxygen
OxyHaemoglobin
Haemoglobin
In actively respiring
tissues
- oxygen unloaded
Unstable complex
Why people living in high altitudes
have more RBC in their blood?
• Less O2 in the
environment
• More RBC in their
blood
• More Haemoglobin
per unit of blood
• Binds to more oxygen
Red blood cells
Red blood cells are produced
by bone marrow.
Life span of 3-4 mths.
Red blood cells
• Destroyed in the
spleen to release
haemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin broken
down in liver to
produce iron and bile
pigments.
From this picture, what are the
difference between RBC and WBC?
csnnst
White blood cells[pg 142]
• White blood cells helps the body to fight
infections.
• Also known as leucocytes.
•
•
•
•
•
Larger, few in number as compared to rbc
Irregular, colourless, no haemoglobin
Have a nucleus.
Two types of WBC
Shape different
During infection …[xtra]
Harmful Toxins
During infection…[xtra]
Bind
•Infects healthy cells
•Causes cells to break up
White blood cells(leucocytes) pg 142
Granular cytoplasm
Round nucleus
Lobed nucleus
•Produce antibodies
•Ingesting and digesting
foreign particles
~Wound~
• Able to change shape and move out of the
blood capillaries into spaces among tissue
cells to fight infection.
pg149
• Engulf (cover) and ingest (eat) bacteria by
phagocyotsis.
• Bacteria digested by enzymes in the
phagocytes.
• Enzymes found in granular vesicles.
• Dead phagocytes + bacteria = Pus
Bacteria infection on you?
Swelling
and pain
• Presence of bacteria/virus stimulates the
lymphocytes to produce a chemical substance
known as antibodies (Ab).
• **Substances that stimulate the lymphocytes
to produce antibodies are known as antigen.
Effects of Ab on bacteria
• Ab neutralize harmful toxins.
• Ab attach to bacteria cell membrane, causing
bacteria to rupture.
• Cause bacteria to clump together (agglutinate)
for easy phagocyotsis.
Ab neutralizes harmful toxins
Ab attach to bacteria cell membrane,
causing bacteria to rupture
‘burst open’
bacteria
bacteria
Cause bacteria to clump together
(agglutinate) for easy phagocyotsis
Bacterial
clumps being
phagocytosed.
• Antibodies attach to viruses, making them
unable to bind to host cell.
Healthy human
cell
Why do you get chicken pox only once
in your lifetime?
• Ab produced are
specific to the
particular infection.
• Stay in the blood for
along time.
• Immune to chicken
pox.
Chicken Pox
Virus
Why do doctors encourage breast
feeding of babies?
• Milk contains high amount of antibodies
which protects the baby from bacterial and
viral infection.
During immunisation (pg 150)
•Dead bacteria and
altered virus injected.
•induced (caused) the
lymphocytes to produce
antibodies specific to the
virus/bacteria.
Why our body cant fight against HIV
virus..…[XTRA]
Antigens of HIV virus
???
Organ transplant/tissue rejection[pg150]
?
Unknown
X
Organ transplant/tissue rejection
• Any organ from another person is treated as a
foreign object by our body immune system.
• Our lymphocytes would produce antibodies to
destroy the transplant organ.
How to organ transplant/tissue
rejection
• From our own tissues.
• Obtain organ transplant from genetically related
individuals.
• Take immuosupressive drugs
– Inhibit the production of antibodies by
lymphocytes.
- lower resistance to infections
- longtime
Phagocytosis
Ab production
Tissue/organ
rejection
Platelets(thrombocytes)[pg143]
• Not a cell
• Small membrane-bound
fragments of cytoplasm
from certain bone
marrow cells.
• Involves in blood
clotting during injury.
Blood clotting process
• http://www.footprintsscience.co.uk/Bloodclotting.htm
Blood clotting[pg 148]
Damaged tissues
and platelets
Releases
Prothrombin
Thrombokinase
(inactive enzyme)
Ca2+ ions
Fibrinogen
(soluble protein)
Thrombin
Thrombokinase
(enzyme)
Thrombin
(active enzyme)
Fibrin
(insoluble protein)
Blood clotting
Damaged tissues
and platelets
Releases
Thrombokinase
(enzyme)
Then through a series of enzyme catalysed
reactions, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin .
Blood clot
• fibrin threads form a
mesh, trapping red
blood cells to form a
blood clot.
•Prevent excessive loss
of blood.
•Seal the wound,
protecting it from
infection.
Blood clot
• After clotting, serum is left behind.
• Serum = plasma without clotting factors
• Heparin prevents blood from clotting in
undamaged blood vessels.
• Thrombokinases neutralises the action of
heparin.
Haemophilia
• The inability of blood to clot is known as
haemophilia.
• Due to the lack of clotting factors.
• Consequence: slight injury results
uncontrolled bleeding.
The royal disease
1819-1901
Summary of functions of blood
RBC
Transport
function
O2
Plasma
Blood
Phagocytes
Protective
function
WBC
Platelets