Download Food chains and Food Webs

Objective 3
Interdependence of Living
Things
Review of Ecology
Bacteria, Viruses
And Man’s Effects on the
Environment
Food chains and Food Webs
• When facing food chain and food web
questions, pay attention to the direction of
the arrows.
• The energy from eating goes in the
direction of the arrow at a rate of 10%
moves to the next animal.
• Producers are always plants, they are
called autotrophs meaning self feeding.
They make food by photosynthesis.
Let’s look at an example
question:
Producer
1st order
2nd order
3rd order
8 In this diagram of a marine
food web, which term
describes the sea turtles?
A Aquatic herbivores
B Autotrophic producers
C Third-level consumers
D Primary decomposers
What do you need to know?
What lives in a digestive system to help
digestion?
4 Cows and other ruminants are herbivorous
animals. Their diet includes cellulose,
which must be fermented before it can be
digested. Which of these aid in the
fermentation of cellulose in a cow’s
digestive system?
F Bacteria
G Fungi
H Algae
J Viruses
What are they looking for, look at the
answers! 3 of the answers deal with
ancestors, so that is probably what they
want.
53 Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are
vertebrates and lay eggs. They differ in that
reptiles have teeth and birds have beaks. Some
birds do possess teeth. However, these teeth
are present only in the embryonic stage. Which
conclusion is best supported by the presence of
teeth in bird embryos?
A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor.
B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern
birds.
C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food.
D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to
those of birds.
What can a plant do to protect
itself during low rain times? It
can’t move away, so it stops as
much evaporation as it can.
55 Plant leaves have a waxy covering called a
cuticle. When some plants are stressed by lack of
water, their cuticle increases in thickness. What
does this action demonstrate?
Low rain is a change in environment, so not A or C! Also, the
A Alternation
of generations
in plants
cuticle
is a structure,
so it already has
genes to make it.
B Structural response to the environment
C Differentiation of vascular tissue in plants
D Genetic mutation induced by the environment
To kill the insects, then the bacteria must
be where the insects will eat them. . . .
2 The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produce
protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive
system of insects. How can these bacteria be
used to control insects in crops?
F Apply the bacteria to growing plants.
G Expose the bacteria to low levels of light.
H Remove plants from areas containing the
bacteria.
J Treat the bacteria with a solution of the
protein crystals.
13 The diagram shows several phases of the nitrogen cycle.
Which of the following describes the most likely effect of
removing some plants from the area by using chemical
herbicides?
A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground would be
slowed.
B The flow of necessary nutrients would be disrupted.
C The ability of plants to complete photosynthesis would be
increased.
D The infiltration of water into the ground would be halted.
The 3 types of symbiotic relationships
involve who helps who: Parasite, one
helped one hurt; Commensalism, one
helped and no effect on the other;
Mutualism, both helped.
34 Which of these is the best example of a mutualistic
relationship in an aquatic environment?
F Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful
bacteria. The bacteria helped, fish hurt; parasatism.
G Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract
that help the fish digest food.
H Some bacteria are present in aquatic food chains in
which fish are secondary consumers.
Only the bacteria helped;
commensalism.
J
Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that recycle
nutrients useful to fish.
Only the bacteria helped; commensalism.
Again, what kind of
relationship?
42 Which of these best
describes the
relationship between
epiphytes and trees?
F Parasitism
G Migration
H Commensalism
J Predation
37 The table above shows percent differences in
cytochrome c in four different animals. According to the
table, which two animals are most closely related to each
other?
Look for the lowest % differences to find
A Horse and dog
the most closely related!!
B Dog and kangaroo
C Horse and penguin
D Penguin and kangaroo
Be sure to review Objective 3
Vocabulary prior to the test.
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Angiosperm
Antibiotic
Autotroph
Biomass
Biome
Biosphere
Biotic
Capsid
Carnivore
Commensalism
Community
Consumer
Convergent evolution
Cuticle
Deciduous
Decomposer
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Dicot
Divergent evolution
Diversity
Ecosystem
Evergreen
Evolution
Food chain
Food web
Fossil
Gametes
Gene
Genetics
Greenhouse effect
Gymnosperm
Habitat
Herbivore
More Objective 3 Vocabulary
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Heterotroph
Heterozygous
Hierarchy
Homologous chromosomes
Monocot
Mutation
Mutualism
Niche
Nitrogen cycle
Nonvascular
Omnivore
Oxygen cycle
Parasitism
Pathogen
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Plankton
Population
Producer
Protist
Reproductive flower parts
Retrovirus
Root cap
Saprophyte
Stomata
Succession
Symbiosis
Vaccine
Virus
Water cycle