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The Immune System Pathogens • Defined: microorganisms that cause disease – Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories Pathogens • Defined: microorganisms that cause disease – Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories – Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals YouTube clip: Bacteria growth Pathogens • Defined: microorganisms that cause disease – Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories – Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals – Fungi: pierce cells and absorb the nutrients Pathogens • Defined: microorganisms that cause disease – Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories – Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals – Fungi: pierce cells and absorb the nutrients – Protozoans: single cells protista (eukaryotes) Plasmodium causes malaria Pathogens • Defined: microorganisms that cause disease – Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories – Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals – Fungi: pierce cells and absorb the nutrients – Protozoans: single cells protista (eukaryotes) YouTube clip: Monster’s Inside Me (malaria) Pathogens • Defined: microorganisms that cause disease – Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories – Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals – Fungi: pierce cells and absorb the nutrients – Protozoans: single cells protista (eukaryotes) – Parasites: grow and feed on a host tapeworms Transmission • Some carried by wind, water, direct contact, indirect contact… • Some carried by vectors – Vector: object that carries a pathogen Examples: 1) Malaria – mosquitos carry the protozoan 2) Black Death – carried by flea’s of mice 3) West Nile Virus – carried by birds, but spread by mosquitoes The Skin • 1st line of defense: physical barrier • Oils & sweat destroy some pathogens – Some pathogens burst…some shrivel bacteria bacteria Skin Mucus Membranes • Coat the openings of the body – Nose, mouth, ears, eyes, genitals, anus • Lined with cilia & sticky fluids to trap pathogens YouTube Clip: Types of White Blood Cells (phagocytes) from the BBC White Blood Cells • Job: Search & destroy YouTube Clip: Types of White Blood Cells (lymphocytes) from the BBC YouTube Clip: Types of White Blood Cells (phagocytes) from the BBC White Blood Cells • Job: Search & destroy • Type 1: Phagocytes – surround & engulf invaders by phagocytosis YouTube Clip: Types of White Blood Cells (lymphocytes) from the BBC YouTube Clip: Types of White Blood Cells (phagocytes) from the BBC White Blood Cells • Job: Search & destroy • Type 1: Phagocytes – surround & engulf invaders by phagocytosis • Type 2: Lymphocytes – T cells: destroy infected body cells – B cells: create antibodies YouTube Clip: Types of White Blood Cells (lymphocytes) from the BBC Blood stream Defense Proteins • Antibodies – Created & released by B cells – Attach to antigens found on surface of invaders antibody Y Y BY cell Defense Proteins • Antibodies – Created & released by B cells – Attach to antigens found on surface of invaders – How they help: 1) Bind to antigens of pathogen (like handcuffs) – Causes pathogens to clump – Easy targets for phagocytes 2) Weakens the cell membrane of pathogen – Causes them to burst B CELLS MAKE ANTIBODIES ANTIBODIES ATTACH TO ANTIGENS OF THE PATHOGEN Y Y Y Y Y Y YY YY Y Y Blood Stream Y Y Y Y Y Y Y phagocyte Y Y Y ANTIBODIES CAUSE THE PATHOGENS TO CLUMP TOGETHER PHAGOCYTE DESTROYS PATHOGENS Y Defense Proteins • Interferon 1) Cell becomes infected by virus 2) Infected cell sends interferon to healthy neighbors 3) Interferon causes healthy cell to create defense enzymes 4) Healthy cell able to fight virus virus Virus RNA New virus New virus New virus New virus Interferon New virus Infected! Vaccination • Prevents infections (not a cure) • Vaccination process – Weakened pathogen is injected – Immune system produces… • Antibodies to fight the weakened pathogen • Memory cells for future infections • Goal: Speed up immune response if you encounter the actual virus Kobe Kuiz 1) Which part of our immune system coats the openings of the body? 2) Name and describe the two types of lymphocytes. 3) What are antibodies and how do they help keep us from harm? 4) Summarize how vaccines are created. 5) Which pathogen… absorbs nutrients from living tissue? are prokaryotic? 6) Which illness is spread by mice? 7) What is the vector of malaria?