Download Bacteria_Vs_Virus_16 - Kenston Local Schools

Microbiology
discussion…
Virus Vs Bacteria
ID / Inspection Techniques
Bacteria
A bacterium is a microscopic single
cell organism

Found anywhere:
– Air
– Soil
– Water
– Plants and Animals.
Function: Bacteria

There are good & bad bacteria. They
have useful functions:
– making vitamins
– break down garbage

The human mouth is home to more
than 500 species of Bacteria.
4
Culturing Bacteria
Culturing Bacteria
The Six “I’s”
–
Inoculation:
Introduce bacteria to
culture

Incubation: Provide
optimal growing
conditions.

Isolation:
Separating a “type” of
bacteria from the
culture



Inspection: Stain &
study bacteria for
shape, size & color
*Info Gathering: at
this point we will skip this
step
Identification: ID
the bacterial Gram +
or Gram –; Coccus,
bacillus, or sprilla
Gram + or Gram - / Shape
The Gram Stain / revisited
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Microscopic Appearance of Cell
Step
1 Crystal
Violet
(primary
dye)
2 Gram’
siodine
(mordant)
Gram (+)
Gram (–)
Chemical Reaction in Cell
(very magnified view)
Gram (+)
Gram (–)
Both cell walls stain with the dye.
Dye crystals
trapped in cell
No effect
of iodine
3 Alcohol
(decolorizer)
4 Safranin
(red dye
counterstain)
Crystals remain
in cell.
Outer wall is
weakened; cell
loses dye.
Red dye
has no effect.
Red dye stains
the colorless cell.
8
Virus
Viruses are the simplest
of microbes.
 They can be as much as 10,000
times smaller than Bacteria
 Viruses are made up of DNA or

RNA
Viral Shapes
Function Virus



When viruses come into contact with
the host cell they hijack the cell &
release their DNA into the cell.
It can take over immediately or lie
dormant for years
The host cell does all the work, the
viruses just gives the orders
Culturing Viruses
Culturing Viruses
– Animal viruses may be cultured using a variety
of means



Whole animals
Eggs
Tissue culture
– Tissue Culture used today for most viruses &
vaccines
– This involves growing animal cells in flasks using
infecting these cells with virus
FYI - Vaccine Selection


The viruses used in making flu vaccine are chosen
each year on information from the year before
Info is gathered by 94 countries and analyzed by:
– World Health Organization (WHO)
– The Centers for Disease Control (CDC):





Atlanta, Georgia
London, UK
Melbourne, Australia
Tokyo, Japan
Experts forecast which viruses are likely to circulate
the following season
2011-2012
Flu Vaccines

The flu vaccine protects against the three
main flu strains that research indicates will
cause the most illness during the flu season.
They are:
– A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus
– A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus
– B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus
2012-2013 / 2013-2014






A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus
A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus
B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus (from the
B/Yamagata lineage of viruses = sub-type of Type
B flu – the most common type)
an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
an A(H3N2) virus antigenically like the cellpropagated prototype virus A/Victoria/361/2011;
a B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like (B/Yamagata
lineage) virus.
2015 - 2016

an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like
virus

an A/Switzerland/9715293/2013
(H3N2)-like virus

a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus. (This
is a B/Yamagata lineage virus)
– Some of the 2015-2016 flu vaccine is
quadrivalent vaccine and also protects against an
additional B virus (B/Brisbane/60/2008-like
virus). This is a B/Victoria lineage virus.
Parts of the Microscope
22
Magnification power

Eye piece: 10X
– Low:
– Medium:
– High:
4X =
10X =
40X =
10 x 4 = 40
10 x 10 = 100
10 x 40 = 400
Resolution
The capacity to distinguish or
separate two objects
24
The Purpose of Oil
25
2 Types of Electron Microscopes

Transmission
electron
microscopes
– (TEM) transparent.
26
2 Types of Electron Microscopes

Scanning electron
microscopes
– (SEM) –3D view.
SEM bombards
surface of metalcoated specimen
with electrons while
scanning back and
forth
27
FEW EXAMPLES OF
MEDIA


The next few slides have some culture
media examples
You have already seen some of these;
but now that you have worked with it,
it may mean more to see it again.

Inspection


If a single species is growing in the container, you
have a pure culture but if there are multiple species
than you have a mixed culture.
Check for contaminants (unknown or unwanted
microbes) in the culture.
29
Physical States of Media
Liquid – broth; does
not solidify
Semisolid – contains
solidifying agent
Solid – firm surface
for colony formation
30
Gram Staining

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O
Q6C-gj_UHM