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Evolution of First Life Archaebacteria • Thrives in harsh conditions – Chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis • Sea vents and hot springs • Snottites Cyanobacteria and Stromatolites • Sun can get through to the surface of the Earth—but there is no ozone layer, no protection. • First photosynthetic bacteria – Prokaryotes – Simple organisms • Earth is also cooling Oxygenation of the Oceans and Air • Cyanobacteria and stromatolites helped oxygenate the oceans and the air • Oxygenated the oceans first – Went from olive green to blue – Rusting of the oceans, turned red • Next, atmosphere was oxygenated – Rusting of the land, land turned red • As the atmosphere was oxygenating the ozone was also forming Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes • Primitive • Bacteria • Simple • Small Eukaryotes • Advanced • Plants and animals • Complex • Larger Endosymbiosis Eukaryotes • • • • • Nucleus DNA Cytoplasm Mitochondria Ribosomes • • • • • RER Vacuole Lysosome Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Mitochondria in animals and Plants • Chloroplasts in plants only! Both have a double membrane—remnants from their Endocytosis beginning. Both have their own DNA—which is similar to the DNA in heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria. Mitochondria • C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O = CO2 + H2O • Needs oxygen for cellular respiration so that they can break the larger molecule of sugar and get more energy • Without oxygen, the cell will Only be able to ferment which Doesn’t provide enough energy. Chloroplasts • CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 • Uses the carbon dioxide that we breath out to make sugar for energy. Produces the oxygen needed for eukaryotes to survive.