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STI: Sexually
Transmitted
Infections
Anatomy basics
Anatomy basics
Anatomy basics
Chlamydia
► Caused by a bacteria
► Spread sexually by an infected partner, A/O/V
► An untreated mother can transmit chlamydia to
her unborn baby
► Most females have no symptoms – 70%, 50% of
males have no symptoms
► Two of the possible symptoms:
 can cause burning during urination
 discharge from the vagina or penis
► can be cured by antibiotics
► tested for through a family
physician or public
health clinic
► Can lead to infertility caused by Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease in females and infertility in
males (damages the epididymis and urethra)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a serious side effect of other
bacterial STIs. Females under 25 have a much greater risk of this
because the cervix may not be fully matured. The more partner a
female has, the greater the risk.
Herpes
caused by two types of virus – HSV1, HSV2
► Transmitted through A/O/V sexual contact.
► HSV1 – contact with saliva is the most common mode
to spread the virus
► HSV2 – usually by sexual contact with a person with
the blisters or sores
► Can be passed as well by someone with no symptoms
► A mother can pass the virus to her baby during
childbirth
► Symptoms can include recurring, painful blisters on
mouth or genitals
► NO cure for herpes
► Medication can help the blisters to heal faster but
cannot cure them
►
HIV/AIDS
► Spread
by a virus that is blood borne
► Spread through sexual contact (anal sex
particularly risky) with an infected person (A/O/V)
► Spread by sharing needles – for drugs, tattooing
or piercing
► A mother can transmit the virus to her baby
during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding
► some symptoms: acute flu-like illness, high fever
(2 weeks) , chronic diarrhea (3 weeks), extreme
tiredness
► there is no cure for HIV/AIDS - good treatments
exist for those who can afford it
Genital Warts
► caused
by a virus (HPV) - papillomavirus
► spread by sexual contact
► the warts can appear 1-20 months after sexual
contact with an infected person
► warts are sometimes soft and pink, others are
hard, yellow-grey
► there is no cure for genital warts, but the warts
can be treated
► There is a vaccine against HPV
► HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer
Hepatitis B
► caused
► virus is
by a virus
found in blood, semen, vaginal fluids and
saliva
► spread by sexual contact with an infected partner,
or infected blood in used needles (drugs, tattoo,
piercing), sharing toothbrushes or razors
► mothers can pass hepatitis B on to their babies
► symptoms can include tiredness, not hungry,
yellow skin
► most people get better and can no longer pass on
the virus, others do pass on the virus
► Hep B has a safe and effective vaccine
Gonorrhea
Caused by a bacteria
► Spread by sexual contact (A/O/V) with an infected
partner
► A mother can pass gonorrhea to her baby during
childbirth
► More than 50% of men and women have no
symptoms, often do not know they have the STI
► Symptoms include pain during urination, discharge
from the vagina or penis
► Can be cured by antibiotics
► Can lead to infertility caused by Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease in females and infertility in males (damages
the epididymis and urethra)
►
Syphilis
► Caused
by bacteria
► Transmitted by sexual contact with an infected
person (A/O/V) and to an unborn child from their
mother (leads to stillbirth or death shortly after
birth)
► Can be treated with antibiotics
► Stages – 1 – a sore on the genitals or mouth, 2 –
a skin rash and sore throat followed by a “hidden”
phase (may last for years), 3- serious damage
(e.g. blindness)
Trichomoniasis
► Caused
by a protozoan parasite
► Transmitted by sexual contact with an infected
person where fluids are exchanged (can be passed
on by fingers)
► Can be treated with antibiotics
► Leads to vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina and
vulva) and urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
– symptoms include (female) discharge, pain,
itching and (male) discharge, pain with urination
► If women are pregnant with trich, it may result in
miscarriage, pre-term birth.
In Summary:
• Be conscious of the symptoms of STIs
• Pain when urinating
• Unusual discharge from genitals
• Genital pain, abdominal pain
• Sores or blisters
• Remember: some very harmful infections
have NO NOTICEABLE SYMPTOMS!
•The ONLY 100% way to prevent STI
infection is abstinence
Some local statistics
► In
Waterloo Region, the teen pregnancy rate is 30.8
per 1000 females 15-19 - highest of all urban areas
in Ontario.
► includes live births, miscarriages and abortions.
► rate is higher than Toronto (27.4) and Ontario
average (25.7).
► In WR, the number of teens who say they have had
sexual intercourse is lower than the Ontario average
(36.9% of boys, 35.1% of girls) – ages 15-19.
► Chlamydia – 263 confirmed cases a year (80%
female) – 1,212 out of 100,000 – ages 15-19 , rate
increasing yearly
Some local statistics
► Interesting
(scary!) note: in 2010 there were over
5000 cases of chlamydia reported in WR – almost
4 times the number of cases of the flu!
► Gonorrhea rates are lower
► HIV rates in WR are currently at 7 per 100,000 (no
age descriptor given)
► Rates of HIV are declining in Ontario
► Younger women remain a higher risk category