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Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antibiotics. Drug Resistance of Bacteria Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University / Department of microbiology Chemotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents Chemotherapy Chemotherapeutic agents Antibiotics Chemotherapeutic index Development of chemotherapy Paul Erlich found that dye Trypan Red was active against the trypanosome (causative agent of African sleeping sickness) in 1904 In 1910 P. Erlich discovered the arsenical compounds and one of their was active against the syphilis spirochete (later was called Salvarsan) Cherhard Domagk discovered sulfonamides (red streptocide) that were effective for treatment of streptococci and staphylococci infections in 1935 (Nobel Prize in 1939) In 1929 A.Fleming got penicillin, a first antibiotic In 1939 penicillin was produced and purified by chemists H.Flory and E.Chain (A.Fleming, H.Flory and E.Chain received the Nobel Prize in 1945) Selman Waksman announced in 1944 that he had found a new antibiotic streptomycin (he received Nobel Prize in 1952) Chemotherapeutic Index (CTI) Classification of chemotherapeutic agents according to target (general microbial group they act against) Antimicrobial drugs Antiviral drugs Antifungal drugs Antiprotozoan drugs Antitumoral drugs Classification of chemotherapeutic agents Narrow-spectrum drugs Broad-spectrum drugs Specific-spectrum drugs (antituberculous, antiviral, etc.) Classification of chemotherapeutic agents Due to their total effect: With cidal action With static action Due to their manufacture : Natural Semi synthetic Synthetic Chemical classification of CTD Heavy metal derivates Sulfonamides Diaminopyrimidins Analogs of iso-nicotinic acid Nitrofuran derivatives Quinolones Chinoxalines Oxychinolones Azoles Metronidazole Alkaloid preparations Chinine derivate Antibiotics According to origin antibiotics are subdivided into next groups: Antibiotics produced by fungi. Antibiotics produced by actinomycetes. Antibiotics produced by bacteria Plant antibiotics (phytoncides) Animal antibiotics (lysozyme, interferons) Mechanism of antibiotic action Cell wall synthesis inhibitors Protein synthesis inhibitors Cell membrane disruptors Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors Antibiotic action onto bacterial cell Chemical antibiotics classification Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapinems Monobactams Vancomycin Bacitracin Cycloserine Antitumoral antibiotics Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Chloramphenicol Linezolid Rifampin Polymyxin Polyenes Chemical structure of β-lactams Penicillin nucleus Monobactam nucleus Cephalosporin nucleus Carbapenem nucleus B-lactams influence onto bacterial cell wall Chemical structure of gentamicin Chemical structure of chloramphenicol Chemical structure of a tetracycline Chemical structure of lincomycin Action of aminoglycosides onto protein synthesis Determination of antimicrobial effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents Dilution susceptibility tests Disk diffusion tests E-tests Accelerated tests Broth dilution test Disk diffusion test Side effects of chemotherapy Allergic response Toxic effects Disbacteriosis Inhibition of immune system Embryotoxic action Formation of the drug resistance Resistance to antimicrobial drugs Natural Acquired (mutation and genetic recombination)