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Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Unicellular
(single-cell)
Prokaryotes (no membrane-bound
organelles)
Cell Walls contain peptidoglycan, not
cellulose
First appeared approximately 3.7 BYA
Nutrition


Autotrophs- manufacture organic compounds
– Photoautotrophs- use light energy & CO2
– Chemoautotrophs-use inorganic substances
like H2S, NH3, and other nitrogen compounds
Heterotrophs- obtain energy by consuming organic
compounds
– parasites- get energy from living organisms
– saprobes (saprophytes)- get energy from dead,
decaying matter; also called decomposers
Heterotroph Ingestion & Digestion
Bacteria
cells digest foods by releasing
enzymes (which are usually poisonous)
outside the cells and into their food. This
is called Extra-cellular digestion.
The
digested foods are then absorbed by
diffusion or active transport.
Oxygen Preferences
obligate
aerobes must have oxygen
obligate anaerobes cannot live in
oxygen
facultative anaerobes can grow
with or without oxygen
Characteristics used
for Classification:
RNA
sequences and structure
type of nutrition
ability to produce endospores- resistant
structures with cytoplasm and DNA
method of movement
shape, and the way the cells are grouped
composition of cell wall and it’s ability to
absorb stain
General Characteristics
are
found almost everywhere
are often pathogenic (they make us
sick!)
are divided into groups according to:
– their shape
– grouping
– cell wall
– ability to absorb stains
Shapes
Coccus
= spherical (coccus came
from the Greek word for berries!)
Bacillus = rod-shaped
Spirilla = spiral-shaped
Grouping
Diplo-
Pairs
Streptos- Chains
Staphylo- Clusters
http://genome.microbio.uab.edu/strep/info/strep5.gif
http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00520/gallery/thumbnails/thumb_diplococcus.jpg
Examples of Spherical-shaped cells
Coccus (sng) , cocci (pl)
A Group of Two is referred to as:
Diplo…….. This is diplococccus
A Cluster of cells is referred to as:
Staphylo…. This is Staphylococcus
What a slide of Typical coccus
looks like in a microscope.
Coccus
http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1010/Coccus1.jpg
Streptococcus aurelius
Strep Throat
Staph Infection
Rod-shaped cells
Bacillus (sng) , Bacilli (pl)
Typical Bacillus
Bacillus
http://er1.org/docs/photos/Anthrax/bacillus%20anthracis%20-03.jpg
Typical Bacillus in a Microscope
Spiral-shaped cells
Spirillum (sng) , Spirlli (pl)
Spirochetes
Gram Stain
A
staining method to differentiate bacteria
Gram-negative
refers to the inability to
retain the deep violet dye
Gram-positive
refers to the ability to retain
the deep violet dye
Gram Staining
Gram Negative cells
Gram Positive Cells
Bacterial Diseases
Anthrax
Botulism
Lyme
Disease
Salmonella
Tetanus
Tooth decay
Tuberculosis
Bacteria Photos
Clostridium perfringes
Anthrax
Bacteria Photos
E. coli
Clostridium tetani
Bacteria Photos
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteria Photos
Strep
Cyanobacteria
are
photosynthetic autotrophs that
produce carbohydrates and oxygen
tend to cling together in chains or
colonies
contain enzymes that allow them to
“fix” atmospheric nitrogen
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/maderbiology7/graphics/mader07b/online_vrl/images/0510l.jpg
Filamentous: Chain of cells
http://www.spea.indiana.edu/joneswi/e455/Anabaena.jpg
Oscillatoria
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu:16080/images/130/Bacteria/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria/Oscillatoria_MC.jpg
Anabaena
_ http://www.bio.mtu.edu/~jkoyadom/algae_webpage/ALGAL_IMAGES/cyanobacteria/Anabaena_jason_dbtow17 2016.jpg
Some filamentous cyanobacteria have Heterocysts,
which are Nitrogen-fixing structures
http://www.people.vcu.edu/~elhaij/IntroBioinf/Scenarios/heterocyst2.JPG
The role of bacteria in the Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen-fixation
some
soil bacteria live in the ground
and take in Nitrogen from the
surroundings.
the
Nitrogen is combined with oxygen
to form nitrites and nitrates. Plants use
the nitrates and nitrites to make
proteins.
Denitrification
some
soil bacteria break down
the nitrogen compounds and
release the nitrogen back into
the environment.
plants
could not live without
Nitrogen-fixing and Denitrifying
bacteria.
Asexual Reproduction
Fission – cells grow in size the split in
two…. Genetically identical
 Binary
Sexual Reproduction (exchanging DNA)
Conjugation
 two
bacteria join together and exchange
portions of DNA
Transformation
DNA is taken in by a bacterium, and then used.
Transduction
DNA is transferred to a bacterium by a
virus.
Endospores
 When
environmental
factors become
harsh bacteria
will either die or
form endospores.
 If bacteria have
time, if the
environmental
changes are slow
enough, they
usually form
endospores.
Examples of Symbiotic Relationships
– E. coli in the intestines
of mammals aid in digestion.
Mutualism
– some bacteria are
parasites. They live in a host and
eventually overpopulate. As they do
they use the host’s food and water,
and eventually they starve the tissues.
Parasitism
Beneficial Uses/Effects
chemical
recyclers (Nitrogen Cycle)
the production of HGH, Insulin, Etc.,
through Genetic Engineering
oil spill cleanup
synthesis of Vitamins in your
intestines