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Osmoregulation and Excretion Ainsley Lockhart and Emily Allyn Osmoregulation: The Basics • Osmoconformers – Isoosmotic with surroundings • Osmoregulators- Control internal environment independently from environment • Stenohaline – Animals that cannot tolerate large changes in external osmolarity • Euryhaline – Animals that can survive large fluctuation in external osmolarity. Osmotic Challenges: A Survey QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Osmoregulation: Energy Cost and Other Mechanisms • Energy is required for active transport and diffusion of solutes and water • Transport epithelia is responsible for filtration and reabsorption Nitrogenous Waste • • • • Ammonia Urea Uric acid Evolution of each mode Excretion: The Basics • How excretory systems maintain homeostasis. • Bodily Fluids -> Filtrate -> Urine Evolution of Excretory Systems: Protonephridia • Organisms – Flatworms(acoelomates) – Rotifers – Some annelids – Mollusc larvae – Lancelets • Functions – Metabolic waste excretion – Osmoregulation – Disposal of nitrogenous waste • Mechanisms – Tubule network – Flame bulbs Evolution of Excretory Systems: Metanephridia • Organisms – Most annelids • Functions – Metabolic waste excretion – Osmoregulation • Mechanisms – Ciliated funnel – Collecting tubule – Transport epithelium Evolution of Excretory Systems: Malpighian Tubules • Organisms – Insects and other terrestrial arthropods • Functions – Nitrogenous waste disposal – Osmoregulation • Mechanism – transport epithelium Evolution of Excrtory Systems: Kidneys • Organisms – Vertebrates and some other chordates • Functions – Osmoregulation – Metabolic waste excretion • Mechanism: – Highly organized tubules – Ducts Structure Of The Mammalian Excretory System • Kidneys: renal cortex, renal medulla, nephron • Renal veins and arteries supply blood • Urine: Kidneys -> Ureter -> Bladder -> Urethra Adaptations and Evolution of the Mammalian Kidney • Gram-negative bacteria • Hagfish and segmented kidneys Pathway of Filtrate From Blood Filtrate to Urine • proximal tubule • descending and ascending limb of loop of Henle • distal tube • collecting duct Solute Gradients Kidney Adaptations: Mammals • The juxtamedullary nephron functions for water conservation • Long loops of Henle Kidney Adaptations: Birds and other Reptiles • Birds – Juxtamedullary nephrons – Shorter loops of Henle – Uric acid • Reptiles – Cortical nephrons – Transport epithelium in cloacas – Uric acid. Kidney Adaptations: Freshwater Fish and Amphibians • Freshwater Fish – Many nephrons – Transport epithelium for salt retention • Amphibians – Water vs. land adaptations Kidney Adapations: Marine Bony Fish • Small nephrons with no distal tube • Small or no glomeruli • Divalent ions flushed out with kidneys, proximal tubules of nephrons • Monovalent ions flushed out with gills Contribution of Hormones to the Mammalian Excretory System • antidiuretic hormones (ADH) • hypothalamus and pituitary( osmoregulator cells in hypothalamus detects rising osmolarity of blood and produces the hormone. Hormone is stored in the pituitary gland) • distal tubes and collection ducts (aquaphorons) (the ADH binds to aquaphorons in kidney to change the water pemeability of transport epithelial) Renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS) • juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), afferent arteriol ( the afferent arteriol moitors blood volume/ artetiol tension and instructs the JGA which is close by to make angiotensin II) • adrenal gland (makes aldosterone) • aldosterone, angiotensin II Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) • Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Disorders of the Kidney • Diabetes insipidus • Affects of alcohol • Gout References 1. 2. 3. . "Gout: What You Should Know." American Family Physician 76.6 (2007): 811-12. Science Full Text Select. H. W. Wilson. Wilson Web Science. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/. Miller, Karen J., Eugene P. Kennedy, and Vernon N. Reinhold. "Osmotic adaptation by gram-negative bacteria: possible role for periplasmic oligosaccharides." Science 231 (Jan 3, 1986): 48(4). Student Resource Center - Bronze. Gale. PIEDMONT HIGH SCHOOL. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS Campbell, Neil A. “Biology.” Pearson, San Francisco. 2008. “Borrowed Photo” Credits 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. http://www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-UrinarySystem.html http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch44/ http://www.agen.ufl.edu/%7Echyn/age2062/OnLineBiology/OL BB/www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglo ssM.html http://health.allrefer.com/pictures-images/kidney-anatomy.html http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v63/n4/images/4493564f4.gif http://home.bway.net/rjnoonan/humans_in_space/nephron.gif Campbell, Neil A. “Biology.” Pearson, San Francisco. 2008.