Download AP Biology Review Questions Osmoregulation and Excretion

AP Biology Review Questions
Osmoregulation and Excretion
Chapter 44
NOTE: These review questions should be completed prior to lecture on Monday – these are the “need to
know” concepts for Ch. 44.
YOU MUST KNOW:
1. The three categories of nitrogenous waste, which animal groups produce each, AND why.
2. The components of a nephron, and what occurs in each region.
3. How hormones affect water balance and blood pressure by acting on a nephron.
1. What is osmoregulation?
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2. What is excretion?
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3. What is transport epithelia?
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4. What are the osmoregulatory challenges faced by freshwater animals? By marine and terrestrial animals?
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5. What is the difference between an osmoregulator and an osmoconformer? What groups of animals are
classified in each category?
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6. What is the difference between a stenohaline and an euryhaline animal?
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7. An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny AND habitat. Describe the three types of nitrogenous
wastes below, list which groups produce the waste, and explain why.
AP Biology Review Questions
Osmoregulation and Excretion
Chapter 44
a. Ammonia:
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b. Urea:
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c. Uric Acid:
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8. Describe the four key functions of an excretory system below.
a. Filtration:
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b. Reabsorption:
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c. Secretion:
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d. Excretion:
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9. Diverse excretory systems are variations on the same tubular theme. Briefly describe the following
excretory systems and list the phyla or group that uses each type.
a. Protonephridia/Flame Bulb:
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b. Metanephridia:
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c. Malpighian Tubules:
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d. Kidneys:
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AP Biology Review Questions
Osmoregulation and Excretion
Chapter 44
10. Mammals have two kidneys, each supplied with a renal artery and a renal vein. What is the role of the renal
artery? The renal vein?
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11. Use the following terms to trace the flow of urine through the body: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra.
12. What is a nephron? What is a glomerulus? What is the Bowman’s capsule?
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13. Filtrate becomes urine as it flows through the nephron and collecting duct. Describe what occurs in each of
the five main steps in the transformation of blood filtrate to urine.
a. Proximal Tubule:
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b. Descending Loop of Henle:
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c. Ascending Loop of Henle:
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d. Distal Tubule:
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e. Collecting Duct:
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AP Biology Review Questions
Osmoregulation and Excretion
Chapter 44
14. The mammalian kidney can produce urine much more concentrated than body fluids, thus conserving water.
Review the osmolarity of interstitial fluid below – KNOW IT!
 The countercurrent multiplier system involving the loop of Henle maintains a high salt concentration
in the interior of the kidney, which enables the kidney to form concentrated urine.
 The collecting duct, permeable to water but not salt, conducts the filtrate through the kidney’s
osmolarity gradient, and more water exits the filtrate by osmosis.
 Urea diffuses out of the collecting duct as it traverses the inner medulla.
 Urea and NaCl form the osmotic gradient that enables the kidney to produce urine that is
hyperosmotic to the blood.
15. Explain the role of ADH and negative feedback in the kidney. You may want to review the following
animation: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__hormonal_communication.html
a. What is ADH?
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b. Where is ADH produced, stored, and released?
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c. What does ADH do to the excretory system?
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d. What is the result of ADH release?
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e. Explanation of NEGATIVE feedback?
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16. Explain how the RAAS system regulates water balance and what happens if blood pressure or blood volume
drop. Why is this considered a NEGATIVE feedback system? You may want to review the following
animation: http://pearsonium.com/RAASystem/index.html
a. Role of Renin:
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b. Role of Angiotensin II:
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c. Role of Aldosterone:
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d. Explanation of Negative Feedback:
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