Download Neoplasm

Neoplasms
Cell Terms
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Atrophy-
 Decrease in the SIZE of cells
resulting in reduced tissue mass
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Hypertrophy-
 Increase in the SIZE of cells
resulting in enlarged tissue mass
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Hyperplasia-
 Increase in the NUMBER of cells
resulting in enlarged tissue mass.
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Rapidly growing cells
Can be indication of cancer.
Neoplasm-
 ”new growth” commonly known as
a tumor. Can be either:
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Malignant=Cancer. They can spread.
Benign-Typically harmless since they
do not spread.
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They can become malignant
Neoplasms
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Neoplasm- class of diseases in which a group of cells
display uncontrolled growth
Invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues,
And sometimes metastasis, or spreading to other locations
in the body via lymphatic and circulatory system.
 It is growth that is no longer responding to normal body controls
keeping it in homeostasis.
 These cells become atypical, meaning they do not function as
normal tissues.
 They also begin to deprive other cells of nutrients
 Every tumor is different
Differentiation
► Differentiation
 It is the specialization required
for a particular cell’s function
► Myocardium
and Neurons are
highly developed and specialized
► When cells become disorganized,
or undifferentiated, or their growth
becomes uncontrolled, their
specialized function is lost.
Nomenclature (“Nom” means ?)
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Oncology-study of cancer
Tumor names are first based
on their origin
 Chondro, Nephro, Hepato, etc
 “oma” is standard suffix for
tumor
 Special terms
► Carcinoma-malignant
epithelial
tissue.
► Sarcoma-malignant connective
tissue.
► Lipoma-benign fatty tissue
► Adeno- Gland
Vocabulary
To don (v) – to put something on
► To doff (v)- to take something of
► To besmirch (v)- to stain someone’s reputation
► To prevaricate (v) (prevarication)- to stray or evade from the
truth; to lie
► To befuddle (v) befuddled (adj)- to confuse
► Enigma (n)- something/something that is puzzling, riddle-like,
or mysterious
► To propagate (v) (propagation)- to spread or multiply
► Prerogative (n) – a special right or privilege given to a
person/organization
► To augment (v) – to make larger in size; to grow
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Abbreviations
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cxr- Chest X-ray
KUB- Abdominal X-ray
ASA- Aspirin
APAP – Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
BP – blood pressure
OS- left eye
OD- right eye
BS- blood sugar
gtt- drop (gtts-drops)
po – by mouth
Benign vs. Malignant
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Neoplasms are classified into 2 major groups.
Benign- usually are still differentiated cells, but begin producing at a higher rate. It is
encapsulated but does not spread.
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Only one place in body where benign can kill you.
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Brain!
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Malignant-usually are undifferentiated, non-functioning cells and are NOT encapsulated.
They grow at a faster rate and may invade nearby cells and later metastasize to other
organs.
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Neoplasms=Malignant=Cancer “crab-like”
Benign vs Malignant
Etiology
Carcinogenesis-process by which
normal cells transform into cancer
ones
► Etiology for many cancers is
unknown (ideopathic)
► However, certain risk factors
increase chances
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 Genetic
 Radiation (medical, solar, terrestial,
cell phones)
 Chemicals (smoking, asbestos,
plastics)
 Diet (high fat, low fiber, MSGs,
sugar-free items,
 Age
 Virus
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HPV (Cervical)
Hepatitis (Lung Cancer)
Tumor Progression
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Malignant cells begin growing
They compress against nearby blood
vessels, thus leading to necrosis of nearby
tissue
This leads to increased inflammation of the
organ, thus leading to reduction of organ
function
Some cancers stimulate angiogenesis
 The development of new blood vessels
in the tumor thus promoting more
tumor growth
While some neoplastic cells metastizise
quickly others remain in situ for a long time
 In Situ- neoplastic cells that remain in a
pre-invasive stage for months to years
Effects of Tumors
Pain
 Typically not an early symptom of cancer.
 Due to increased pressure on sensory nerves by growing tumor.
► Obstruction
 Occurs when tumor compresses a duct or passageway
► Infection
 Normally seen in digestive tract
 Tumor cuts off blood to neighboring tissues; tissue necrotizes and then becomes
infected, typically by the flora that is already inhabiting the digestive tract
► Macro Effects
 Weight loss
 Anemia and Fatigue
 Bleeding (GI)
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Diagnostic Testing
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The early the better
Most are not 100% reliable except for
which one?
 Blood work
► Low
RBC and WBC may reveal leukemia
 Tumor markings-substances produced by the
tumor that circulate in the blood stream
► PSA-prostate cancer
► BRAC-1-breast cancer
► CA125-ovarian cancer
 Diagnostic Imaging (Xray, CT, MRI)
 Cytologic/Histologic tests
► Biopsy!
► The only guaranteed
► Pap Smear
test
Lymphatic System
The sister system to the
Cardiovascular.
 Wherever there is a blood
vessel, there is a lymph one
too.
► Picks up cellular debris and delivers
it back to the Subclavian veins
through its own network of lymph
vessels
► Lymph nodes-”stations” along the
way where WBCs hang out
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Spreading of Cancer
Primary-origin site
► Secondary-where it spreads
► 1. Invasion-(see Figure 1)
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Local spreading normally in adjacent
tissue
2. Metastasis
 Spreading of cancer to different
sites in the body through CV and
lymphatic systems
 First, they appear in the local lymph
nodes
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Liver, Brain, and Lungs common 2nd
sites. Why?
3. Seeding (See Figure 2)
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Spreading of cancer within the same
body cavity.
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Abdominal cavity
Stages of Cancer
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Staging system based on 3 factors:
 (T)-Size of Tumor, (N) Involvement of Lymph Nodes, and (M) How
much has it metastasized.
Stage 1
 Tumor <2 cm, no lymph nodes involved N-0, and no metastasis M0
Stage 2
 T0-T2 <5 cm, nodes involved N-1, no meta M-0
Stage 3
 T-3 >5 cm, nodes involved, tumor present in them N1-2, no
metastasize M-0
Stage 4
 T-4 tumor any size but fixed to chest wall or skin
 N-3- multiple tumors in nodes and spreading
 M-1-metastasis present
Treatment
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Treatment may be either curative or palliative (treating
symptoms-----death!)
3 basic types: “cut it,” “burn it,” or “poison it.”-All 3 may be
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1. Surgery
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used together
 Removal of tumor and nearby lymph
nodes
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Laparoscopy
Radiofrequency Ablation
2. Radiation Therapy
 The radiation stops the mitosis of the
neoplastic cells,
 or kills the cells altogether,
 or kills nearby blood vessels so the
tumors starves to death
 It also does this to the nearby healthy cells.
► Adverse Effects (depends on location and dosage)
 Alopecia-hair loss, skin burning
 Bone marrow depression- WBCs, RBCs
and platelets may decrease thus
increasing chance of infection
 Sterility
 Epithelium of GI tract is damaged
leading to excessive vomiting, diarrhea
Treatment (cont)
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Chemotherapy (Pills)
 Most effective on rapidly-producing
tumors
► The
drugs interfere with DNA
replication in the mitosis of the
neoplastic cell, thus killing it.
 Different cocktails of drugs given
months apart
► Adverse Effects-kills healthy cells too
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Alopecia
Bone Marrow Depression
Infection
Vomiting
Prognosis
Prognosis is not judged by a cure,
only a remission.
► Remission-Term used to describe
period post-cancer when symptoms
have disappeared.
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 Cancer may return.
Terminal-Cancer is too far advanced
it will kill the person.
► “Cures” are defined as a 5-year
survival rate
► Early diagnoses is CRUCIAL,
regardless some cancers are worse
than others.
► Good ones
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 Sarcoma, Lymphoma,
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Bad ones
 Pancreatic, Ovarian
5-Year Survival Rates (White)
Prostate-100%
► Testicular-95%
► Skin- 91%
► Breast-90%
► Bladder-78%
► Kidney-71%
► Cervical-69%
► Colorectal-61%
► Throat-60%
► Leukemia- 55%
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Ovarian-43%
Spinal Cord (Myeloma)40%
Brain-32%
Stomach-25%
Lung-16%
Liver-15%
Pancreas-6%
Most Common Cancers
► Breast-24%
► Lung-19%
► Uterus/Cervical► Prostate-12%
► Ovary-6%
► Bladder-6%
► Thyroid-5%
► Pancreas-5%
► Colon-5%
► Other-4%
14%